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Flashcards by harriet_baylis, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by harriet_baylis
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| what treaty said that Italy would receive considerable territorial gains after the war if they won? | treaty of london (1915) |
| why were italy's claims to territory made practically impossible during the treaty of versailles? | because of wilsons 14 points |
| what territory did the treaty of london cover in terms of Italy? | Dalmatian coast Adriatic sea South Tyrol a protectorate over albania |
| why did the treaty of london oppose wilsons 14 points? | it clearly opposed the spirit of self determination |
| how did italy worsen their claims to territory in paris? | in april 1919 the italian representatives presented additional demands to the Council of Four |
| what did italy's additional demands at paris consist of? | the port of Fiume |
| why were italian representatives under intense pressure from home to produce a satisfactory treaty at paris? why was obtaining territory considered essential? | economy damaged from war political problems and social unrest it would recover the economy and help strengthen the political system |
| why was there little sympathy felt towards italian demands? | because of italy's association with germany at the start of war and too little consideration for their contribution to wwi |
| what two things were italy dissatisfied with at paris? | the fact that the treaty of london would not be honoured the treatment of the italian delegation received during the conference as a 'lesser power' |
| what nation were not allowed to take part in the negotiations leading to the drafting of versailles treaty? | germany austria bulgaria hungary turkey |
| which nation did not attend the paris conference? | russia |
| which nations formed a Supreme Council? | USA france britain japan italy |
| what was the supreme council later replaced with? | the Council of Four |
| once germany had signed versailles, what did the Conference of Ambassadors supervise? | the other peace treaties; st germain with austria trianon with hungary neuilly with bulgaria sevres with turkey |
| what were all the treaties based on? | the versailles treaty; all defeated countries had to disarm pay reparations lose territory |
| what did article 232 of versailles address? | germany had to pay war reparations |
| what was included in versailles that addressed treaty of london? | compensation for the violation of treaty of london, leading to destruction of belgium |
| why did france want to push for germany's costly reparations? | they were worried about a quick german recovery and remilitarisation |
| why did britain not want germany's reparations to be too much? | because a german economic recovery would help British balance of trade |
| what were US views on german reparations? | they were more in line with those of the british and helped moderate french demands |
| what was the main dilema when discussing german reparations? | how much did germany theoretically owed and how much they could actually pay |
| how did germany pay and why did they have to pay in this way? | the gold reserves in the german central bank were insufficient and so they would also have to pay with goods like coal, cattle and fishing boats |
| what happened to the saarland? | it was put under the administration of league of nations for 15 years and then inhabitant would decide whether they wanted to return to germany |
| whilst the league administered the saarland where did the extracted coal go to? | france |
| how was poland created at versailles? | it would be created from upper silesia, poznan and west prussia |
| why did poland need to be economically independent? | to consolidate its position between germany and USSR |
| what happened to the german port of danzig? | it became a free city under the mandate of league of nations |
| what happened to east prussia and why? | it was seperated from the rest of germany and was given to poland this would gurantee her access to sea, creating the polish corridor |
| what territories were given to belgium? | malmedy eupen |
| how gained the german territory of north schleswig? | denmark |
| how was the treaty of brest-litovsk addressed at versailles | all territory given to germany from russia from the treaty was returned e.g estonia, latvia, lithuania were made independent states in line with self-determination principle |
| what additional measure was put in place to further hinder germany's economic recovery? | germany was not allowed to unite with austria (anschluss) |
| what happened to germany's overseas colonies? | they were taken, and became mandates of the league of nations |
| two places germany lost trading rights with | china egypt |
| why did versailles treaty prioritise disarmament? | because the arms race had been a key factor in starting world war i |
| what happened to german wartime weapons | they were destroyed |
| what was the german army reduced to | no submarines, air force, armed cars or tanks 6 battleships 100,000 men |
| in the east of the rhine what did germany have to respect? | a 50km exclusion zone (no german troops allowed) |
| 2 points explaining german reaction to versailles | betrayal of the 14 points a diktat (dicatated peace) |
| what was germany's main objection and what did this become known as? | article 231: 'blank cheque' for reparations known as the 'war guilt clause' |
| what did the germans demand after seeing the terms of the versailles treaty | they demanded a revision |
| who were the november criminals? | those who had signed the armistice in 1918 |
| what occured socially in germany after having been presented with the versailles terms | political turmoil |
| who signed versailles for germany and when? | 28th june 1919 president ebert's government |
| why were many of the french dissatisfied with versailles and what were the consequences for clemenceau | they said it had not crippled germany enough to secure long term security for france clemenceau was the object of bitter criticism, lost election in january 1920 |
| how did the US respond to versailles? | US congress refused to ratify it and join league for fear of being dragged into european conflicts in the future |
| what did the italians argue about the outcome of versailles | they had won the war but lost the peace |
| what was britains response to verailles? | many thought it was too hard on germany |
| what did treaty of germain imply? | formal austrian recognition of establishment of czechoslovakia as an independent republic and of its annexation of bohemia and moravia |
| why did france promote the annexation of bohemia and moravia by austria? | despite this including some 3 million german citizens france thought that czechoslovakia would be stronger with these regions |
| what was contemplated in germain in terms of serbs? | yugoslavia would be established - an independent state for serbs, slovenes and croats |
| what did the creation of yugoslavia result in (for austria) | loss of slovenia, bosnia and herzegovina |
| what did poland gain from austria-hungary in germain? | galicia |
| what did italy gain in germain | south tyrol, trentino and istria |
| what did romania gain in germain | translyvania |
| in germain, what was austria banned to do? | banned to unite with any other nation without the league's permission |
| in germain, what was austria made to do? | accept certain responsibility for war damage so had arms limitations and some forms of reparations |
| what were the 3 main issues austria had with germain? | treaty overruled self determination principle forbade union with germany! put austrian nationals under italian and czech rule |
| why did germain severely affect austria's economy? | the loss of industrially rich regions to czech and poland the loss of more than 15 million citizens weakened austria |
| why was bulgaria treated as a defeated nation of wwi in neuilly treaty? | they had joined wwi in 1915 in support of central powers |
| what was the toughest clause in neuilly? | bulgaria lost access to aegen sea |
| why did greece benefit from bulgarias weakening in neuilly? | macedonia and west thrace returned to greece |
| 2 other reasons as to how bulgaria was weakened in neuilly? | bulgaria recognised independence of yugoslavia and their boundaries were adjusted clauses on reparations and arms limitations |
| what did the treaty of trianon mainly address? | hungary's formal acceptance of disintegration of austro-hungarian empire |
| why was trianon signed in 1920 a year after germain? | political unrest in hungary establishment of communist state under leader of hungarian communist party (collapsed in august 1919) |
| why were there bitter complaints amongst hungarians about trianon? | the newly formed hungary had lost much territory in comparison to the Kingdom of Hungary more than 3 million magyars had been put under foreign rule |
| what did czech gain from trianon? | ruthenia and slovakia |
| who joined yugoslavia in trianon? | croatia and slovenia |
| what were imposed on hungary in trianon? | reparations and arms limitations |
| after having entered wwi on the allied side, why did romania make territorial gains from treaties? | allied interest in romania becoming a buffer state between russia and the dardanelles - to prevent russian acces to the Med sea |
| what did the treaty of sevres address? | disintegration of ottoman empire in turkey |
| what were the aims of peacemakers in Sevres? | to set up new borders for Turkey in line with self-determination principle to make certain that turkey would be unable to cause fresh confronations in balkans |
| what happened to turkish influence in north africa during sevres? | turkish control over north africa and arab territories ended britain gained influence in the region by controlling mandates in Palestine, Iraq and france controlled lebanon and syria |
| how did greece benefit from sevres? | gained east thrace, symrna and many aegen islands |
| what clause of sevres outraged the turks? | the contemplated a plebiscite to take place in 5 years in smyrna |
| what country officially became british in sevres treaty? | cyprus |
| who were germany's shares of turkish petroleum company given to? | france |
| what was given to italy in sevres? | dodecanese islands rhodes adalia |
| what 2 places were to become independent states in sevres? | armenia kurdistan |
| what was the remaing turkish territory in europe after sevres? | costantinople |
| under sevres what happened regarding troops? | british, french and italian troops remained in turkey |
| what 2 regions were put under supervision of international comission? | dardanelles and bosporus straits |
| did turkey have to limit army after sevres and pay reparations? | 50,000 men and reparations |
| why was sevres hard to implement? | nationalist opposition aimed to repudiate sevres and prevent disintegration of turkish-speaking regions of empire |
| what did nationalisy opposition to sevres end in? | war between greece and turkey turkey won |
| why did sevres have to be revised with the treaty of lausanne? | greco-turkish war led to abdication of greek king and turkish sultanate. imposing such harsh terms on turkey, allies had weakened sultan, whose regime guaranteed observance of treaty |
| what were the 4 main revisions in lausanne from sevres? | - east thrace returned to turkey - turkish sovereignity over bosporus and dardanelles (but still demilitarised) - withdrawal of foreign troops from turkey - reparations and arms limitations removed |
| in treaty of lausanne what did turkey do in return? | renounced all claims on territories outside its new boundaries guaranteed rights of minorities |
| how much did lausanne reduce tensions between turkey and greece? why? | little clashes in cyprus were to come |
| what group were disappointed with terms of lausanne, why? | arabs hoped for support for independence after helping against turkey in wwi |
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