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BIOL 315 Flashcards 1

Natasha Gidluck Science English 55 cards

Cards in this deck (55)

  1. 1PopulationThe set of all subjects in a test examination that are relevant to the scientific hypothesis
  2. 2ParametersQuantities describing a population
    Denoted by greek letters
  3. 3CensusWhen the entire population is sampled/examined
  4. 4VariablesCharacteristics that differ among individuals
    Can be categorical or numerical
  5. 5Categorical VariablesUse qualitative differences to sort variables into categories
  6. 6Numerical VariablesQuantitative values that have magnitude on a numerical scale
    Two types: continuous and discrete
    Not always numbers — numbers can stand in for categories (Mohs hardness scale)
    Numbers with decimal places are not always numerical or continuous
  7. 7Continuous VariablesA type of numerical variable that have a large range of possible values (if it is between 2 values, you can infinitely divide them)
  8. 8Discrete VariablesA type of numerical value that only takes on certain values, usually whole numbers
  9. 9Scales of Measurement for Categorical VariablesThe nominal scale or the ordinal scale
  10. 10Scales of Measurement for Numerical VariablesThe interval scale or the ratio scale
  11. 11Nominal ScaleA scale of measurement for categorical variables
    Has no ordering and usually uses phenotypic data
  12. 12Ordinal ScaleA scale of measurement for categorical variables
    Uses rank order where levels of scale are relative rather than quantitative
  13. 13Interval ScaleA scale of measurement for numerical variables
    Has an arbitrary zero point and constant interval size
  14. 14Ratio ScaleA scale of measurement for numerical variables
    Has a physically meaningful zero point where differences and ratios are defined
  15. 15SampleThe subset of subjects selected from a statistical population that is examined during a particular study
  16. 16Sample StatisticsThe set of all subjects that are relevant to the scientific hypothesis
    Calculated from the collected sample
    Used to estimate population parameters from the statistical population
    Roman letters are used for sample statistics
  17. 17Random Sampling RulesEvery individual has an equal chance of being selected
    Each sample choice is independent of other samples
  18. 18Non-Random SamplingIs precise but biased
  19. 19AccuracyThe average of estimates we might obtain is centred on the true population value
  20. 20PrecisionThe average of estimates we might obtain are tightly grouped and highly repeatable
  21. 21Problems with Random SamplingHaphazard sampling and volunteer bias can lead to non-random sampling
  22. 22Descriptive StatisticsQuantities that capture key features of frequency distributions that describe the location, spread, and shape of the sample.
  23. 23Questions for Describing DataWhat is our statistical population?
    What variable type is this?
    What type of scale is it measured on?
    What is the sample size?
  24. 24Measures of LocationA description of the typical individual that can be a mean, median, or mode
  25. 25MeanCalculated by the arithmetic average
    Most sensitive to extreme data, but also most mathematically convenient
  26. 26MedianMiddle value of the data
  27. 27ModeMost commonly occurring observation
  28. 28Measures of SpreadA description of the variation around the typical individual
  29. 29ResidualCalculating the differences between the sample mean and each observation
    The basis of all calculations describing variation in a sample
  30. 30Characteristics of ResidualsThe sum of the residuals for a sample are always equal to zero
    Can be either positive or negative
    If you have a sufficiently large sample from normally distributed pop, the residuals will also be distributed and centred around zero
  31. 31Sum of SquaresWe square residuals and sum them to create a positive value that is known as the sum of squared deviation from the mean
  32. 32Degrees of FreedomDescribes the number of values in a calculation that are free to vary (this is one less than the amount measured)
  33. 33VarianceThe sum of squares divided by degrees of freedom
  34. 34Standard DeviationThe square root of the variance
  35. 35Measures of ShapeIncludes skew
  36. 36SkewA measure of asymmetry that refers to the pointy tail of a distribution
  37. 37EstimationThe process of inferring a population parameter from sample data
  38. 38Sampling DistributionThe probability distribution of all the values for an estimate that we might have obtained when we samples the population
    (Distribution of the means calculated by sampling the population)
  39. 39BiasA systematic discrepancy between estimates and the true population characteristic
  40. 40Standard ErrorThe difference between an estimate and the population parameter being estimated. Caused by chance.
  41. 4195% Confidence Intervals95% of the times, the sample interval contains the true population mean
  42. 42StatisticsThe process of collecting and analyzing large quantities of numerical data
  43. 43Cumulative Frequency DistributionThe sum of all the times each value of a variable occurs in a sample
  44. 44Sampling ErrorError in a statistical analysis arising from the unrepresentativeness of the sample taken
  45. 45Probability DistributionDistribution of a variable in the whole population
  46. 46Frequency DistributionDescribes the number times each value of a variable occurs in a sample
  47. 47Explanatory VariableCauses a change in the response variable
  48. 48Response VariableSomething that will likely chance due to the explanatory variable
  49. 49Experimental StudyThe researcher assigns different treatment groups or values of an explanatory variable randomly to the individual units of study
  50. 50Observational StudyThe researcher has no control over which units fall into which groups
  51. 51Roman CharactersDescribe sample statistics
  52. 52Greek CharactersDescribe population parameters
  53. 53PercentileThe percentage of observations less than or equal to a data point
  54. 54QuantileThe proportion of observations less than or equal to a data point, expressed as a decimal
  55. 55QuartileThe first quartile lies halfway between the median and the first data point, and the third quartile lies halfway between the median and the last data point

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Science (Bio 315) Flashcards on BIOL 315 Flashcards 1, created by Natasha Gidluck on 13/09/2020.
Created by
Natasha Gidluck · Sep 2020
Updated
Sep 18, 2020
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