Flashcards
Motor Learning
Cards in this deck (32)
- 1Motor Learninga set of internal processes developed through practice or experience, leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for motor skill
- 2Motor Skilla goal directed action that requires movement of the whole body, limb, or muscle to be successfully performed
- 3Characteristics of a Skilled Performer*fast yet accurate
*consistent yet adaptable
*maximally effective with minimal attention and effort - 43 Influences on the Performance of a Motor Skill*the person
*the skill
*the performance environment - 5The 3 Levels of Movement (Classified on Basis of Complexity)*Reflex - rapid, stereotyped & involuntary
*Rhythmic Motor Patterns - typically only initiation and termination of movement are voluntary (ex: walking)
*Voluntary Movements - purposeful and goal directed; can be improved w/practice - 6Reflex (definition) (somatic reflex arc)*Reflex - automatic processing that causes a rapid and involuntary movement in response to a stimulus
*Somatic Reflex Arc - (breakdown of automatic processing) - 1) sensory input (afferent) send impulses to spinal cord
2) impulses are passed back through spinal cord through interneurons, and out to muscles (efferent) - 7Central Pattern Generators (definition)central neuronal circuits that, when activated, can produce RHYTHMIC MOTOR PATTERNS (i.e. walking) without sensory inputs
- 8Information Processing Model for Voluntary Movementsvision audition kinesthesis >> perceptual mechanism >> decision mechanism >> effector mechanism >> motor output >> movement
- 9Information Processing Steps (Voluntary Movements) (include examples)1) detect information from sensory stimuli
(baseball coming my way)
2) integrate with stored memory
(similar to past experiences)
3) select instruction for appropriate movement
(move arm up & open glove)
4) execute movement
(effector neurons send message to muscles) - 10Perceptual Mechanism Breakdown (Sensory Level)1) Detection: is signal important?
2) Comparison: information same or different?
3) Recognition: finding patterns
4) Selective Attention: choosing signal to focus on - 11Decision Mechanism Breakdown (Integration Level)Decision is often based off memory, short-term & long-term
*1st Stage: sensory register (large amounts/brief time period)
*2nd Stage: Short-Term Memory - conscious or working memory (limited)
*3rd Stage: Long-Term Memory - (relatively permanent) - 12Memory System (Breakdown of ST LT Memory)*Memory splits into short-term and long-term
*Long-Term Memory splits into Explicit (conscious) Memory and Implicit (unconscious) Memory
*Explicit Memory splits into EPISODIC & SEMANTIC MEMORY - 13Episodic Memory & Semantic Memory*both are branches of explicit or "conscious" memory
*Episodic Memory - specific personal events and their context
*Semantic Memory - general knowledge about the world - 143 Stages of MemoryENCODING >> STORAGE >> RETRIEVAL
- 15Reasons we Forget Information... (3 Main Reasons)*Trace Decay
*Proactive Interference
*Retroactive Interference
also...
*failure to store
*motivated forgetting - 16Trace Decay (Forgetting Info)loss of information that occurs with the passing of time
- 17Proactive Interference & Retroactive Interference (Forgetting Information)*Proactive Interference - when an old memory makes it difficult or impossible to remember new information
*Retroactive Information - when new information interferes with your ability to remember/retain old information - 18Errors that Occur in Information Processing & Their Effect on Movement*inaccurate perception or misinterpretation of information may lead to an incorrect movement
*response delay occurs when sensory information is deceptive (juke in football) - 19METHODS OF MOTOR SKILL CLASSIFICATION (3 Methods)*Gentiles Taxonomy - organize movements around environmental context/function of action
*Classify movements as OPEN or CLOSED
*Classify movements into 4 types based on MOVEMENT DEMANDS - 20Gentiles Taxonomy (Movement Classification)*Grouped into Types (1a - 4d)
*Labels (1-4) based on environmental context
*Labels (a-d) based on action function
Group 1 - stationary, no inter-trial variability
Group 2 - stationary, inter-trial variability
Group 3 - motion, no inter-trial variability
Group 4 - motion, inter-trial variability
Group A - body stability, no object manipulation
Group B - body stability, object manipulation
Group C - body transport, no object variability
Group D - body transport, object variability - 21Open or Closed Classification (Movement Classification)*Open - significant inter-trial variability, unpredictable, different movement patterns (returning punt, wrestling)
*Closed - little inter-trial variability, predictable, same movement pattern (brushing teeth, writing, bowling) - 224 Types Based on Demands (Movement Classification)*Type 1 - object & individual are at rest
*Type 2 - individual at rest, object in motion
*Type 3 - individual in motion, object at rest
*Type 4 - individual & object are in motion - 23Learning/Performance Curves (Measuring Motor Learning) a) definition b) characteristics of curve c) factors effecting curvea) a curved graph that shows the relationship between the learning of a new motor skill, and one's performance of that skill
b) slow beginning, steep acceleration in performance, plateau
c) cognitive demands (task difficulty) affect learning ability, while fatigue & muscle development cause plateaus - 243 Stages of Motor Skill Learning (Measuring Motor Learning)*Cognitive - beginning or "novice"
*Associative - intermediate or "practicing" stage
*Autonomous - advanced or "fine tuning" stage - 25What Causes Plateaus? (Measuring Motor Learning)*learning may still taking place, even without increase in performance
*Reminiscence - learning while not doing (a.k.a. reflecting)
*Reactive Inhibition - reduced motivation (boredom) - 26Improving Motor Skills with Feedback a) Quantitative or Qualitative Feedback? b) How Much Feedback at Each Stage? c) define BANDWIDTH FEEDBACKa) quantitative feedback (stats, applicable info) has bigger benefit than qualitative feedback (good shot)
b) More feedback during early stages, less feedback as individual becomes more advanced
c) Bandwidth Feedback - feedback given only when performance drops below a specific level or range - 27Distributive Practice & Continuous Practice (definitions, benefits) (Organization of Practice)*Distributive Practice - practice that includes rest periods (better performance, lower learning; learning is possible during rest periods)
*Continuous Practice - practice without rest periods (better learning, lower performance) - 28Blocked Practice & Random Practice (Organization of Practice) a) definitions & examples b) which produces better results? Why?*Blocked Practice - performance of the same movement repeatedly (shooting 3's from one spot)
*Random Practice - practice where different movements are alternated (shooting baskets from both hands)
b) random practice produces better performance results, due to contextual interference (task must constantly be relearned) - 29Contextual Interference (Organization of Practice)refers to the interference that results from practicing two similar skills interchangeably (shooting with dominant & non-dominant hand)
* due to contextual interference, motor program must be constantly relearned, slowly perfecting it - 30Transfer of Learning (Organization of Practice)practicing similar task "transfers" learning to the original task
*negative transfer affect is when practicing similar task hurts performance of original task (golf swing ruins baseball swing) - 31Biggest Determinant of Motor Skill Performance?ABILITY
- 32Ability a) definition b) characteristicsa) a general trait or capacity that is a determinant of a person's achievement of specific motor skills
b) abilities are stable, enduring and GENETIC
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- Flashcards on Motor Learning, created by garrettmould on 30/04/2015.
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