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| Question | Answer |
| What does a pH of below 7 indicate? | An acidic solution. |
| What does a pH of above 7 indicate? | An alkaline solution. |
| What does a pH of 7 indicate? | A neutral solution. |
| Why do acidic solution have a oH between 1 and 6? | Because they contain H+ ions in greater concentration than in OH- ions. |
| Why are acids able to conduct electricty? | Because all acids contain ions which are free to carry a charge. |
| State the formulae of some common acids | Hydrochloric acid- HCl Sulphuric acid- H2SO4 Nitric acid- HNO3 Ethanoic acid- CH3COOH |
| What happens when an acid is diluted with water? | The concentration of H+ ions is decreased. This increases the pH of the solution toward 7 because the acid is becoming less acidic. |
| Why do alklaine solutions have a pH between 7 and 14? | Because they contain OH- ions in greater concentration than H+ ions. |
| Why are alkalines able to conduct electricty? | Like acids, they contain ions that are free to carry a charge. |
| What happens when an acid is diluted with water? | The concentration of OH- ions is decreased. This decreases the pH of the solution toward 7 because the alkali is becoming less alkaline. |
| State the formulae of some common alkalis | Sodium hydroxide- NaOH Calcium hydroxide- Ca(OH)2 Lithium hydroxide- LiOH |
| How can acids and alkalis be formed? | By dissolving different oxides in water. Soluble non-metal oxides produce acids. Soluble metal oxides (bases) produce alkalis. |
| What does a nutral solution such as water have? | Equal concentrations of OH- and H+ ions which cancel each other out. It is because of this small amount of electricity that water can conduct electrcity. |
| What is neutralisation? | The reaction of an acid with a base such as as an alkali, metal oxide, metal hydroxide or carbonate. This moves the pH of the acid upward toward 7 and the pH of the alkali downwards towrd 7. All neutralisations produce water. |
| State the three main equations for neutralisation | Acid + alkali makes salt + water Acid + base makes salt + water Acid + carbonate makes salt + water + CO2 |
| How is the salt produced? | When the ion of the the acid is replaced by the metal ion of the alkali. |
| Why is water produced? | During neutralisation the H+ ion from the acid joins with the OH- ion from the alkali. |
| What are spectator ions? | Ions that are present during the reaction, but are unchanged by the reaction. |
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