30363487
Description
Flashcards by Malachy Moran-Tun, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Malachy Moran-Tun
about 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Why was the Posse Comitatus and the Hue and Cry Less Effective in the Early Modern Period? | > Growth in size and number of large towns / cities > Easier for criminals to hide in clouds > Greater sense of anonymity |
| What were Parish Constables? | > Main defence against crime > Part time job - no weapons or uniform > Did not go out on patrol > Spent majority of their time dealing with minor issues > Allowed to whip Vagabonds > Expected to detain suspects until they were tired |
| What were the Town Watchmen and Sergeants? | > Employed in large towns and cities > Patrolled the streets during day and night > Poorly paid > Not very effective > Expected to arrest drunks and vagabonds > Expected to enforce market rules and general law and order |
| How were Citizens Responsible for dealing with Crime? | It was up to the victim of a crime to get an arrest warrant from a magistrate and to arrest the criminal responsible |
| How were Rewards used for Law Enforcement? | Offered to anyone who successfully captured a criminal responsible for serious crimes |
| What were Justices of the Peace (JPs)? | > Setup in Medieval period but prominent in Early Modern > Important landowners who judged local / minor court cases at manor courts > Allowed to fine people, put people in the stocks, or order them to be whipped |
| What were Quarter Sessions? | > JPs met 4 times a year with other JPs of the same county > More serious crimes would be considered > JPs have the right to pass the death sentence here |
| What were the County Assizes? | > Royal Judges visited each country twice a year > Handled the most serious offences, usually treason |
| Why was the Benefit of the Clergy Ended? | > 1512: many crimes became unclergyable > Unable to claim benefit of the clergy for serious crimes, e.g. rape, arson, murder > 1600s: ended altogether since many people were able to read by this point and claim it |
| What was the Habeas Corpus Act? | > Passed in 1679 > Literally means "you have the body" > Prevented authorities from locking up a person indefinitely > If they were not sent to court in a certain amount of time, they would be released with no charges > Sometimes, fake evidence was invented to prevent this from happening |
| What was the Bloody Code? | > Punishments for crime became extremely strict > Number of crimes which would result in the death penalty increased > 50 by 1688; 160 by 1765; 225 by 1815, including minor crimes, such as poaching > Intended to be a strong deterrent, but also used to remove a criminal forever |
| What was the Pillory? | > Intended to humiliate the criminal > Stand with their hands and neck trapped in a wooden block > A crown would throw various objects (mud and rotten food) all day > For more serious crimes, the criminal may have been stoned |
| What were Houses of Correction? | > Also known as bridewells > Used for Vagabonds, unmarried mothers, and repeat offenders > Forced to do hard labour and often whipped > Believed that offenders would stop committing crimes if they were taught the value of hard work |
| What was Carting? | > Criminal was paraded around the street > Intended to shame the criminal for a minor crime |
| What was Dunking? | > Used for women who argued or disobeyed their husbands > Convicted as "scolds" > Dunked in a local pond or river |
| What was Transportation? | > 1660s+ > Criminals sent thousands of miles away to American colonies (and Australia in later periods) > Used as an alternative to the death penalty, viewed as less harsh > Criminals suffered conditions similar to slavery > Once their 7-14 year sentence was up, they were to be freed with no money or way to come back |
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