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Module 4

Aquilina Laidlaw-allan Physiology Year 1 Theory Exams English 40 cards

Module 4

Cards in this deck (40)

  1. 1General Functions of ANSControl and Adaptation of body systems to internal and/or external changes
  2. 2—
  3. 3Describe the controls of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.Describe the controls of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
  4. 4What does the ANS control?Almost All organs/ System of the body are under the control of ANSWhat does the ANS control?
  5. 5Describe the following in terms of the ANS: Preganglionic neuron Post ganglionic neurons MyelinationPreganglionic Neuron
    - Peripheral ganglion
    Post ganglionic neurons
    - Innervate glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
    Both
    - Autonomous regulation
    - High speed of onset
    - Tonic activity
    Unmyelinated
    - Slower conduction (non-saltatory conduction)
  6. 6Compare sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways (neurotransmitter and receptors).Compare sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways (neurotransmitter and receptors).
  7. 7Describe the two types of sympathetic receptors.Describe the two types of sympathetic receptors.
  8. 8How do different sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors effect the body?How do different sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors effect the body?
  9. 9Describe adrenergenic transmissionDescribe adrenergenic transmission
  10. 10Describe the Preganglionic Cell Bodies of the Sympathetic System.Describe the Preganglionic Cell Bodies of the Sympathetic System.
  11. 11Describe the cervical division of the SNS: origin, preganglionic fibers, postganglionic neuron, structures and functions.Describe the cervical division of the SNS: origin, preganglionic fibers, postganglionic neuron, structures and functions.
  12. 12Describe the thoracic SN chain: preganglionic fibers, postganglionic neuron, structures and functions.Describe the thoracic SN chain: preganglionic fibers, postganglionic neuron, structures and functions.
  13. 13Abdominal SN Chain (greater splanchnic nerve, lesser splanchnic nerve): origin (preganglionic), course (postganglionic), structures and functions.Abdominal SN Chain (greater splanchnic nerve, lesser splanchnic nerve): origin (preganglionic), course (postganglionic), structures and f...
  14. 14Pelvic SN Chain (genital organs and vas deferens): functionsPelvic SN Chain (genital organs and vas deferens): functions
  15. 15Describe the sympathetic pathways to the periphery.Describe the sympathetic pathways to the periphery.
  16. 16Describe the Flight or Fright Mechanism Pathway (brain to bodily effects).Describe the Flight or Fright Mechanism Pathway (brain to bodily effects).
  17. 17Describe the effects of sympathetic stimulation.GI motility decreases
    Contraction of sphincters
    Relaxation of smooth muscles:
    - Detrusor muscle
    Ciliary muscle
    - Mydriasis
  18. 18Describe the 2 types of acetylcholine receptors.Describe the 2 types of acetylcholine receptors.
  19. 19Describe the two types of adrenoceptors and their subtypes.Describe the two types of adrenoceptors and their subtypes.
  20. 20Describe effects of parasympathetic stimulation.Normally not activated as a whole
    - Stimulation of separate parasympathetic nerves.
    Release ACh as NT
    Relaxing effects:
    - Decreases HR.
    - Dilates visceral blood vessels.
    - Increases digestive activity.
  21. 21Describe the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system. Describe its target organs.Describe the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system. Describe its target organs.
  22. 22Describe the pathway of cranial and sacral outflow of the parasympathetic division.Cranial outflow
    - Comes from the brain
    - Innervates organs of the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen
    Sacral outflow
    - Supplies remaining abdominal and pelvic organs
  23. 23Describe the cranial part of the parasympathetic division (4 nerves, their functions, organs innervated).Oculomotor Nerves
    - cause the pupils to constrict and the lenses to bulge--actions needed to focus on close objects
    Facial Nerves
    stimulate many large glands in the head (nasal glands and the lacrimal glands of the eyes)
    Glossopharyngeal Nerves
    activate the parotid salivary glands anterior to the ears
    Vagus Nerves
    - The two vagus nerves (X) account for about 90% of all preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the body
    - serve virtually every organ in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
    - contain fibers from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
    - The vagus nerves innervate the:
    liver
    gallbladder
    stomach
    small intestine
    pancreas
    proximal half of the large intestine.
  24. 24Describe the sacral part of the Parasympathetic Division (function, arises from, branches off to form, organs effected).Function: serves the pelvic organs and the distal half of the large intestine.
    Arises from: neurons located in the lateral gray matter of spinal cord segments S2-SA. Axons of these neurons run in the ventral roots of the spinal nerves to the ventral rami and then branch off to form...
    Pelvic splanchnic nerves: which pass through —> the inferior hypogastric plexus in the pelvic floor
    Organs:
    distal half of the large intestine
    urinary bladder
    ureters
    reproductive organs
  25. 25Describe cranial outflow.Preganglionic fibers run via:
    - Oculomotor nerve (III)
    - Facial nerve (VII)
    - Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
    - Vagus nerve (X)
    Cell bodies located in cranial nerve nuclei in the brain stem
  26. 26Describe the origin, course, postganglionic supply, and effect of stimulation of the oculomotor nerve.Origin: Edinger-Westphal nucleus at midbrain.
    Course: preganglionic from E-W nucleus to rely in the ciliary ganglion.
    Postganglionic supply:
    1- pupillconstrictor muscle
    2- ciliary muscle.
    3- four of the extrinsic eye muscles.
    Stimulation: leads to miosis, accommodation to neat vision and movements of the eye ball.
  27. 27Describe the origin, course, postganglionic supply, and effect of stimulation of the facial nerve.Origin: The superior salivary nucleus which is a part of facial nucleus in the lower part of pons.
    Course: Preganglionic nerve fibers run in the chorda tympani nerve which is a part of facial nerve and relay in:
    - Submaxillary ganglion
    - Sphenopalatine ganglion.
    Postganglionic nerve arises from Submaxillary ganglion supply, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands and anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
    Postganglionic nerve arises from Sphenopalatine ganglion supply the mucosa of the soft palate and nasopharynx and Lacrimal glands.
    Its stimulation causes vasodilatation and secretion at their effector organs.
  28. 28Describe the origin, course, postganglionic supply, and effect of stimulation of the glosopharyngeal nerve.Origin: Glossopharyngeal nerve nucleus in the upper part of the medulla oblongata called inferior salivary nucleus, and then relay in the otic ganglion.
    Course: Postganglionic nerve fibers arise from optic ganglion supply the parotid salivary gland and posterior 1/3 of the tongue
    Its stimulation causes vasodilatation and secretion at their effector organs, Sensory and motor innervation of structures of the tongue and pharynx, Taste
  29. 29Describe the origin and course of the vagus nerve.Origin: Dorsal vagus nucleus in medulla oblongata
    Course: Postganglionic nerve fibers from the terminal ganglia which supplied from dorsal vagus nucleus and supply the following structures: heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and gall bladder.
  30. 30Describe how the vagus nerve effects the heart.HEART: The vagus nerve supplies the both auricles and don't supply the ventricles (and this called vagus escape phenomena).
    Its stimulation produces inhibition of all cardiac properties (decrease heart rate, decrease contractility and decrease conductivity).
    Its stimulation causes vasoconstriction of coronary vessels and reduction of O2 consumption by cardiac muscle.
    These responses lead to bradycardia.
  31. 31Describe how the vagus nerve effects the lungs.Lungs: Vagus stimulation causes:
    - Bronchoconstriction.
    - Increased bronchial secretion.
    - Vasodilatation of pulmonary blood vessels.
    - These responses lead to precipitation of asthma.
  32. 32Describe how the vagus nerve effects the gastrointestinal tract.Gastrointestinal tract: Vagus stimulation causes:
    - Contraction of walls of esophagus, stomach, small intestine and proximal part of large intestine.
    - Relaxation of their corresponding sphincter.
    - These responses promote deglutition, increased secretion of GIT and evacuation of foods.
  33. 33Describe how the vagus nerve effects the gall bladder.Gall bladder: Vagus stimulation causes:
    - Contraction of the gall bladder wall.
    - Relaxation of its sphincter.
    - These responses lead to evacuation of the gall bladder.
  34. 34Describe the origin and course of sacral outflow. What structures does this outflow supply?Origin: Preganglionic nerve fibers arise from the lateral horn cells of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th sacral segments.
    Course: These preganglionic passes without relay, then the right and left branches unit together to form the pelvic nerve, the pelvic nerve relay in the terminal ganglia, where the postganglionic nerve fibers emerge and supply the following structures...
    Urinary bladder: parasympathetic stimulation causes:
    - Contraction of the bladder wall
    - Relaxation of its sphincter.
    - These responses lead to micturition.
    Rectum and descending colon:
    parasympathetic stimulation causes:
    - Contraction of its wall.
    - Relaxation of internal anal sphincter.
    - These responses lead to defecation.
    Seminal vesicles and prostate:
    parasympathetic stimulation -causes:
    - Secretion of these glands.
    Erectile tissue: parasympathetic stimulation causes:
    - Vasodilatation which lead to erection.
  35. 35What are the 3D's of the parasympathetic system?Digestion,
    Defecation,
    Diuresis
  36. 36What are the effects of stimulation of the parasympathetic system?Bronchonstriction
    GI motility increases
    Relaxation of sphincters
    Contraction of
    - Detrusor muscle
    - Ciliary muscle
    Miosis
    ATROPA BELLADONIA
  37. 37—
  38. 38—
  39. 39—
  40. 40What is Horner's Syndrome characterized by? Why does it occur?Characterized by:
    - Constriction of the pupil
    - Enophthalmos
    - Drooping of eye lid
    - Anhydrosis on affected side of face
    Occurs due to:
    - Damage of stellate ganglia
    - Paralysis of Cervical Sympathetic nerve trunk

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Year 1 Theory Exams Physiology (Module 4) Flashcards on Module 4, created by Aquilina Laidlaw-allan on 27/12/2021.
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