Flashcards
Literature 6
Cards in this deck (37)
- 1What is generativityCharacteristic of language that allows us to create a variety of unique expressions from a small number of basic linguistic components and rules
- 2What is phonology?sound patterns of language and rules for combining sounds into words
- 3What are phonemes?smallest units of sound that can create differences in meaning.
age 3: able to track all phonemes, can use phonetic rules to segment sounds into words - 4What is semantics?meaning of individual words and how they combine with others to create a larger meaning
- 5What is lexicon?set of words a person knows
- 6What is syntax?set of rules concerning how words are combined into sentences
- 7What is grammar?rules beyond relations between words
- 8What is pragmatics?how we use language to convey our intended meaning within a social context
It takes into account the goals and motivations are of the speaker - 9What are universal constraints?Consistent rule patterns across all languages result in specific structural features all languages share
- 10What are morphemes?The smallest unit of meaning
- 11prelinguistic perception and communicationYoung infants perceive a larger number of distinct sounds than adults, but then will attune to their culture's phonemes
- 12By what age are one-word utterances possible?By age 1, children can utter one word at a time
- 13By what age multiword utteracnes?Around 1.5 years, children start to string words together. Mostly 2-word sentences though
- 14What is telegraphic speech?sentences where words are left out that are less important (like telegram)
- 15When are linguistic rules learned?During preschool years, children learn to use pronouns and use complex sentence structures. They learn before they understand them.
Rules are generalized - 16What is overregulation?children start to use regular verb forms for all verbs even irregular ones. First, make more and more mistakes until it becomes less again.
- 17What is child-directed speech?More enunciated, slower and higher pitch.
Recasting: paraphrase what the child has said - 18Behaviorist approaches to language acquisitionBehaviorism stresses the way reinforcement shapes responses.
Criticism:
The learner needs direct and specific feedback, but parents don't give that
Learning multiple languages at the same time would take longer because both need reinforcement, but that is not true - 19Connectionist approaches to language acquisitionWay of representing networks of associations based on computer simulations with multiple levels of associations.
First language: acquisition depends on the brain's capacity for parallel processing
Second language: connections incorporate more layers of processing beyond overt associations learned through reinforcement - 20Statistical learning approaches to learning acquisitionBased on the probability of events occurring both at the same time and in sequences over time. Infants have a rapid and powerful statistical learning ability for acquiring language and learning non-linguistic sounds.
Criticism: can infants still learn to segment syllable strings if there are more syllables? no, they cannot - 21Nativist approaches to language acquisitionEmphasizes the idea that humans are endowed with a specific brain system specialized for acquiring any natural language. (language acquisition device (LAD))
The poverty of stimulus argument: children couldn't possibly learn a 4language only by listening to others talk. - 22What is semantic development?Emerging understanding of word meanings and their interrelationships requires linking words to concepts (mapping)
- 23What is fast mapping?The speed at which children map words onto correct concepts
- 24What is the riddle of reerence?We assume a word means something because we associate it with a smaller subset of possibilities
- 25What is a perceptual constraint?Biases towards interpretations of words that arise from the way the perceptual system naturally distinguishes the world into distinct objects and events
- 26What is shape bias?Objects of roughly the same shape are assumed to have the same name
- 27What are conceptual constraints?Make categories or relationships that seem natural to label
- 28Whole object biasmore likely to label whole objects, rather than parts or relationships of other things
- 29Pragmatic constraintsgoals and beliefs attributed to the speaker may guide a child's understanding of what a word means
- 30Mutual exclusivitythe assumption that each object in a language only has one label
- 31OverextentisonApplying a word too broadly
- 32UnderextensionIncorrectly applying a word more narrowly
- 33What is the principles and parameters approach by Noam ChomskyIt suggests that a common set of principles governs the internal structure of all languages. A child's mind contains a large number of possible linguistic forms that become fixed according to a specific language they learn.
- 34What are branching directions?The order in which ideas typically occur in a sentence:
Right branching: the main subject comes first + additional information about the subject (English) - 35Critical periodwhen children are younger they acquire language faster and without an accent
- 365 major component skills are involec in learning to read:- Understanding idea of alphabet and learning the letters
- Developing an understanding of how letter patterns correspond to sounds
- Learning to read aloud fluently
- Expanding vocabulary
- Learning to extract meaning from a passage and comprehend it - 375 reading stages:Stage 0: pre-reading (birth to 6) begin to acquire foundational skills for reading
Stage 1: initial reading and decoding (6-7) each letter has a sound and letters can be combined: decoding
Stage 2: confirmation and fluency (7-8) they confirm what they learned in stage 1 and become faster
Stage 3: reading to learn (8-13) they understand the value of reading as a way to acquire information
Stage 4: multiple viewpoints (14-18) adolescents acquire complex reading skills that involve thinking from separate viewpoints
Stage 5: construction and reconstruction (approx 18 and older) acquire ability to evaluate and selectively read information and integrate it to create new insights
Information
- Description
- Childhood: Developmental Psychology (Week 6) Flashcards on Literature 6, created by Jessica van der Neut on 28/03/2022.
- Created by
- Jessica van der Neut
- Views
- 0
- Rating