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Flashcards

Plasticity

Derleisha Blackwood English 58 cards

Cards in this deck (58)

  1. 1what is step in brain development?1) Ectoderm transforms into neural plate
    2) edge of neural plates thicken - forms neural groove
    3) neural grooves closes = formation of neural tube
  2. 2what does the forward part of neural tube becomehind, mid and fore-brain
  3. 3what does the rest of the neural tube become?spinal cord
  4. 4what does the cavity become?central part of spinal cord + brain ventricles
  5. 5what are the 5 stages of neuron development?1) proliferation
    2) migration
    3) differentiation
    4) myelination
    5) synaptogenesis
  6. 6what is proliferation?production of new cells
  7. 7what is migration?movement to target destinations
  8. 8what is differentiation?formation of axon and dendrites
  9. 9what is myelination?Glia produces myelin (thick coating around the axon)
  10. 10what is Synaptogenesisformation of new synapses
  11. 11describe the process of proliferationcells lining the ventricle divides:
    stems cells
    glia
    primitive neurons
  12. 12describe the process of migrationradial Glia released first - sends out scaffold for neurons
    chemicals guide cells to their target (immunoglobulins + chemokines)
    early = centre of brain
    later cells moves outwards
  13. 13what did Sperry (1943) find?neurons connected to a specific target
  14. 14how do neurons find their waychemo-attraction
  15. 15describe the process of differentiationprimitive neurons form axon + dendrites = specialised cells
  16. 16describe the process of myelinationglia produce fatty myelin sheaths axon
  17. 17what cause myelination to be interrupted?social isolation
  18. 18describe the process of synaptogenesisbegins before birth and continue throughout life
    synapses that are used are strengthened
  19. 19what happens to synapses that are not used?they are pruned from 12-18 months
  20. 20which synapses survive?when neurons reach target, synapses onto many cells
    only appropriate synapses survive
  21. 21what did Carla Shatz 1991 find?lateral geniculate nucleus neurons select groups of retinal which are active simulataneously = LGN organisation
  22. 22what is nerve growth factor?type of neurotrophin
    released by muscles to promote survival + growth of of neurons in SNS
  23. 23what happens without Nerve growth factor?apoptosis = cell death
  24. 24what increases in early childhood?grey matter (cell bodies)
  25. 25what decreases with age ?volume = becomes more dense
  26. 26what does an increase in white matter (axons) cause?more connectivity in brain regions
  27. 27what happens to the brain in response to experience?can re-organise itself (but this is limited)
  28. 28what indicates new connections?gain + loss of spines
  29. 29what occurs from enriched environments:thicker cortex, more dendritic branches + improved learning
  30. 30when is the brain most reponsive to inputcritical period
  31. 31Ischemiablockage of blood vessels
  32. 32Haemorrhageruputure of blood vessels
  33. 33oedemaaccumulation of fluid = increased pressure
  34. 34what happens when there's excess sodium?release of glutamate, overstimulates neurons = damage to synapses + neurons
  35. 35what does microglia do?removes dead neurons + supply neurotrophins
  36. 36what is diaschisis?decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other
  37. 37what takes over vacant synapses?collateral sprouts
  38. 38how can behaviour be resored?if the sprouting axon show similar info as previous axon
  39. 39what is supersensitivity?increased neuron responsivity due to inactivity elsewhere
  40. 40what happens after limb amputation?collateral sprouting + increased responses after loss of input to somasensory cortex
    areas representing face expands to vacant space
  41. 41phantom limb syndromeafter re-organisation when the neuron is activated it can feel like the arm is stimulated
  42. 42where is regrowth of axon possible?peripheral nervous system
  43. 43what is re-organisation a response to?huge experiences e.g., sensory loss + expertise
  44. 44what is lateralisation?each hemisphere of the brain controls slightly different functions
  45. 45functions of left hemisphereright side of the body
    right visual field
    stronger auditory info from right ear
    left olfactory bulb
  46. 46function of right hemisphereleft side of body
    left visual field
    stronger auditory info from left ear
    right olfactory bulb
  47. 47what is done to the corpus callosum for epilepsy treatmentit is cut
  48. 48split brain patientslanguage laterialised to the left hemisphere
    = patient can only name object in right visual field
  49. 49what happens to the corpus callosum patients?might have difficulties processing emotions + social information
  50. 50what is broca's aphasia?impairment to language production
    but language comprehension is usually good
  51. 51what difficulty arise for those with broca's aphasia?difficulty understanding the same kinds of words they omit
  52. 52what is Broca's area critical ofr?understanding all aspects of grammar
  53. 53what is wernicke's aphasia?impaired language comphrension + impaired ability to remember object name
  54. 54which hemisphere is specialised for all emotionsright
  55. 55which area process experience + expression of negative emotionsfrontal regions
  56. 56what areas associated with behavioural inhibitionfrontal regions
  57. 57what area is linked to behvaioural activationleft frontal
  58. 58what function is right hemisphere important for?spatial functions

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Flashcards on Plasticity , created by Derleisha Blackwood on 24/11/2023.
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