Flashcards
Respiratory System
Cards in this deck (29)
- 1What are the functions of the Respiratory System?1- Gas Exchange
2- Regulation of blood PH
3- Olfaction
4- Voice Production
5- Protection - 2Name the 2 zones at which we can classify the respiratory system regions with:1- Conducting Zone
2- Respiratory Zones - 3Which zone forms the Anatomical Dead Space?The conducting zone
- 4Which zone has the Alveolar Type 1 and Type 2 epithelial cells?The respiratory zone
- 5Functions and characteristics of Type 1 and Type 2 Cells:-Type 1 is flat found on the surface of the alveoli. Their basement membrane is fused with the capillary endothelium (Helps facilitate gas exchange and create the Blood-Gas barrier). Has thin cytoplasm (Helps Facilitate Gas exchange)
-Type 2 is found in the corner and it secretes Surfactant and aids in the regeneration of the cells by differentiation. - 6What are surfactants?A mix of phospholipids and proteins. It decreases the shorter the breaths are
- 7Explain Surface Tension in the alveoli and it's relation with surfactants:Surface tension in the lung is created due to the air found inside the alveoli and the water layer found on the surface of the alveolar cells. It helps prevent stretching however it can make the lung collapse on itself.
Surfactants are secretions lowering the water cohesive forces lowering the surface tension. - 8*A syndrome where type 2 cells are immature in premature newborns and unable to produce surfactants?Respiratory Distress syndrome
- 9Define the 2 types of Pulmonary-Blood Circulation1- Pulmonary Circulation(Gas Exchange and Oxygenation)
2- Bronchial Circulation(Arising from aorta to nourish the lungs) - 10The mechanism of respiration and explain them:1- Pulmonary Ventilation
2- External Respiration
(1+2= Pulmonary circulation)
3- Gas Transport
4- Internal Respiration
5- Cellular Respiration
(4+5= Systemic Circulation)
you do the explanation lol <3 - 11The Mechanics of Respiration:
- 12Lung volume and capacities:4 and 4
- 13Alveolar Ventilation:1- Minute Ventilation(6000ml/min)(Not very accurate due to the fact that anatomical dead space exists)
2- Alveolar Ventilation (4200) Eupnea
(5100) Hyperpnea
(2400) Polypnea
(0) Apnea - 14What is the Physiological Dead Space?Anatomical Dead Space + Functional(Alveolar) Dead Space
- 15Layers Forming the Blood-Gas Barrier1-Surfactant
2-Epethelial cells of the alveoli
3-Basment membrane of the ep. cells
4-Interstitum
5-Basment membrane of the capillaries
6-Endothelial cells of the capillaries
7-Plasma
8-Membrane of Erythrocytes
(RBC touch the capillary wall to prevent gasses from traveling through the plasma) - 164 Factors determining the rapid gas exchange:1- Surface area of alveoli
2- Thickness of alveolar wall
3- Partial pressure between 2 sides of the membranes
4- Diffusion Co-efficient - 17Ways of O2 transportations in body:1- Through Oxyhemoglobin
2- Dissolved in plasma - 18The 4 factors affecting the unloading of O2:1- The Bohr Effect
2- The Carbamino Effect
3- DGP Levels
4- Temperatures - 19Ways of CO2 transportation:1- Carbaminohemoglobin 30%
2- As Carbonic Acid 60%
3- Amino Acids in Plasma 10% - 20How can O2 be delivered efficiently in fetus?Through Fetal Hb. It has a higher affinity to O2 allowing it to pass through the placenta
- 21Components involved in the neural control of respiration:1- DRG: Control Spinal Motor N.
2- Apneustic: Controls DRG rate
3- Pneumotaxic Center: Inhibits apneustic center
4- Pulmonary Stretch Receptors: Hering-Breuer Reflex
* All can be controlled by a higher voluntary center in Cortex - 221- Which chemoreceptors control the PO2 2- Which ones control PCO21- Peripheral receptors
2- Central receptors- Depends on H levels in body - 23Name the 3 methods as to how unwanted substances can settle in the respiratory tract:1- Sedimentation(Gravitational Pull)
2- Inertia
3- Brownian movement - 24Ways of Respiratory Clearance:1- Upper respiratory clearance through mucosal secretions by the exocrine cells moving foreign substances cranially
2-Alveolar clearance through Macrophages, Lymph nodes or Isolation
*Asbestosis, Silicosis and Anthracosis - 25Non-Respiratory Functions of the Respiratory System:Panting and Purring
- 26Describe Panting-Prevalent in many species, dogs included.
Allows an increases in the volume of the anatomical dead space which allows further evaporation of the water from the mucosal membranes in such regions.
-Done for thermoregulation - 27The 3 Patterns of Panting1- Inhalation and exhalation through nose
2- Inhalation through nose and exhalation through nose and mouth
3- Inhalation and exhalation through both nose and mouth
2nd and 3rd are most effective - 28Generally, how many air sacs are found in domestic birds?9 air sacs.
5 Cranial sacs(2 Cervical, 2 Thoracic, 1 Calicular) and 4 Caudal sacs (2 Thoracic and 2 Abdominal) - 29Avian comparative points1- Syrinx: The vocal organ replacing the pharynx
2- Complete Tracheal rings
3- Lungs attached to the ribs and not able to expand
4- Birds have no diaphragm thus lacking the Abdominal-Thoracic separation
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- Description
- General physiology of the respiratory system with some veterinary related questions as well.
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- Reem E
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