39099918
| Question | Answer |
| What are the functions of the Respiratory System? | 1- Gas Exchange 2- Regulation of blood PH 3- Olfaction 4- Voice Production 5- Protection |
| Name the 2 zones at which we can classify the respiratory system regions with: | 1- Conducting Zone 2- Respiratory Zones |
| Which zone forms the Anatomical Dead Space? | The conducting zone |
| Which zone has the Alveolar Type 1 and Type 2 epithelial cells? | The respiratory zone |
| Functions and characteristics of Type 1 and Type 2 Cells: | -Type 1 is flat found on the surface of the alveoli. Their basement membrane is fused with the capillary endothelium (Helps facilitate gas exchange and create the Blood-Gas barrier). Has thin cytoplasm (Helps Facilitate Gas exchange) -Type 2 is found in the corner and it secretes Surfactant and aids in the regeneration of the cells by differentiation. |
| What are surfactants? | A mix of phospholipids and proteins. It decreases the shorter the breaths are |
| Explain Surface Tension in the alveoli and it's relation with surfactants: | Surface tension in the lung is created due to the air found inside the alveoli and the water layer found on the surface of the alveolar cells. It helps prevent stretching however it can make the lung collapse on itself. Surfactants are secretions lowering the water cohesive forces lowering the surface tension. |
| *A syndrome where type 2 cells are immature in premature newborns and unable to produce surfactants? | Respiratory Distress syndrome |
| Define the 2 types of Pulmonary-Blood Circulation | 1- Pulmonary Circulation(Gas Exchange and Oxygenation) 2- Bronchial Circulation(Arising from aorta to nourish the lungs) |
| The mechanism of respiration and explain them: | 1- Pulmonary Ventilation 2- External Respiration (1+2= Pulmonary circulation) 3- Gas Transport 4- Internal Respiration 5- Cellular Respiration (4+5= Systemic Circulation) you do the explanation lol <3 |
| The Mechanics of Respiration: | |
| Lung volume and capacities: | 4 and 4 |
| Alveolar Ventilation: | 1- Minute Ventilation(6000ml/min)(Not very accurate due to the fact that anatomical dead space exists) 2- Alveolar Ventilation (4200) Eupnea (5100) Hyperpnea (2400) Polypnea (0) Apnea |
| What is the Physiological Dead Space? | Anatomical Dead Space + Functional(Alveolar) Dead Space |
| Layers Forming the Blood-Gas Barrier | 1-Surfactant 2-Epethelial cells of the alveoli 3-Basment membrane of the ep. cells 4-Interstitum 5-Basment membrane of the capillaries 6-Endothelial cells of the capillaries 7-Plasma 8-Membrane of Erythrocytes (RBC touch the capillary wall to prevent gasses from traveling through the plasma) |
| 4 Factors determining the rapid gas exchange: | 1- Surface area of alveoli 2- Thickness of alveolar wall 3- Partial pressure between 2 sides of the membranes 4- Diffusion Co-efficient |
| Ways of O2 transportations in body: | 1- Through Oxyhemoglobin 2- Dissolved in plasma |
| The 4 factors affecting the unloading of O2: | 1- The Bohr Effect 2- The Carbamino Effect 3- DGP Levels 4- Temperatures |
| Ways of CO2 transportation: | 1- Carbaminohemoglobin 30% 2- As Carbonic Acid 60% 3- Amino Acids in Plasma 10% |
| How can O2 be delivered efficiently in fetus? | Through Fetal Hb. It has a higher affinity to O2 allowing it to pass through the placenta |
| Components involved in the neural control of respiration: | 1- DRG: Control Spinal Motor N. 2- Apneustic: Controls DRG rate 3- Pneumotaxic Center: Inhibits apneustic center 4- Pulmonary Stretch Receptors: Hering-Breuer Reflex * All can be controlled by a higher voluntary center in Cortex |
| 1- Which chemoreceptors control the PO2 2- Which ones control PCO2 | 1- Peripheral receptors 2- Central receptors- Depends on H levels in body |
| Name the 3 methods as to how unwanted substances can settle in the respiratory tract: | 1- Sedimentation(Gravitational Pull) 2- Inertia 3- Brownian movement |
| Ways of Respiratory Clearance: | 1- Upper respiratory clearance through mucosal secretions by the exocrine cells moving foreign substances cranially 2-Alveolar clearance through Macrophages, Lymph nodes or Isolation *Asbestosis, Silicosis and Anthracosis |
| Non-Respiratory Functions of the Respiratory System: | Panting and Purring |
| Describe Panting | -Prevalent in many species, dogs included. Allows an increases in the volume of the anatomical dead space which allows further evaporation of the water from the mucosal membranes in such regions. -Done for thermoregulation |
| The 3 Patterns of Panting | 1- Inhalation and exhalation through nose 2- Inhalation through nose and exhalation through nose and mouth 3- Inhalation and exhalation through both nose and mouth 2nd and 3rd are most effective |
| Generally, how many air sacs are found in domestic birds? | 9 air sacs. 5 Cranial sacs(2 Cervical, 2 Thoracic, 1 Calicular) and 4 Caudal sacs (2 Thoracic and 2 Abdominal) |
| Avian comparative points | 1- Syrinx: The vocal organ replacing the pharynx 2- Complete Tracheal rings 3- Lungs attached to the ribs and not able to expand 4- Birds have no diaphragm thus lacking the Abdominal-Thoracic separation |
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