Flashcards
T5 Mental Abilities
Cards in this deck (35)
- 1What is intelligence (2 defs)Intelligence is a word with so many meanings that finally it has none” - Charles Spearman (1927)
“Intelligence is what intelligence tests test” - Boring (1951) - 2What does intelligent behaviour look like?Construct = a theoretical (hypothetical) entity
It cannot be directly observed
We sometimes call it a latent variable (underlying disposition)
Basis for predicting future behaviour - 3Implicit Theories of IntelligenceEntity Theory → believes mental abilities are fixed
Incremental Theory → believes abilities are interchangeable - 4Importance of Implicit BeliefsThe belief that intelligence is malleable (incremental theory) predicted an upward trajectory in grades over the two years of high school, while a belief that intelligence is fixed (entity theory) predicted a flat trajectory.
- 53 factors emerged after implicit theories theory:Verbal Intelligence → good vocab, conserves easily on lots of subjects
Problem Solving → makes good decisions, poses problems in optimal way, and plans ahead.
Practical Intelligence → sizes up situations well, determines how to achieve goals, displays an interest in the world at large. - 6What did Alfred Binet do?Commissioned to develop techniques for identifying those children whose lack of success in normal classrooms.
Intelligence → It is a specially interesting feature of these tests that they permit us, when necessary, to free a beautiful native intelligence from the trammels of the school” - (Binet, 1908)
That is, to separate nature from education - 7How do we measure intelligenceintelligent quotient, Ratio IQ, Deviation IQ
- 8What is Intelligent QuotientIntroduced in the Stanford-Binet test → Recall that mental age is based on the age level at which the majority of “normal” children in the standardisation sample passed the test
- 9What is Ratio IQ?Ratio IQ only works if mental age increases proportionally with chronological age
We know that's not the case - 10What is Deviation IQ?IQ Scores means the same thing regardless of the comparison group
IQ = 100 means you are average
Gives the appearance of stability in IQ. - 11Stanford Binet IQ Test
- 12Explain the general test processEstablish a basal and ceiling level for each task
Scoring
Raw score - 13What is Group Testing: Raven’s Progressive MatricesPrototypical test of fluid intelligence (Gf)
Broad ability concerned with basic processes that depend only minimally on learning and acculturation. - 14What is Single Factor: Spearman's General Factor (g)
- 15cont.Positive manifold → Good predictor of performance in real life
Related to mental speed? Related to working memory capacity? Related to a “good quality” brain? - 16Hierarchical models of Intelligence
- 17Explain Gf-Gc Theory: Raymond CattellGeneral Fluid Intelligence (Gf)
The ability to grasp relations between things; deal with novelty
non-verbal abilities, inductive and deductive reasoning
Culture-free in theory but not in practice or assessment
General Crystallized Intelligence (Gc)
Acquired knowledge and skills
Requires exposure to culture, formal/informal education
May require some investment of fluid intelligence - 18What do GOOD psych assessments depend on?Is our test accurate - Reliability
Is our test measuring what we think its measuring - Validity
Whether the answer is used in an appropriate way (is our use of the test valid) - Validity - 19What are sources of error in assessments?Test Construction
E.g choice of items/stimuli, content of the test
Test Administration
E.g variability in examiner, variability in examinee
Errors in Scoring
Failure to use ‘rubric’ consistently
Interpretation Subjectivity
E.g. evaluation of response - 20What is the formula for True Score Theory/Classical Test Theory
- 21How do we estimate reliability?Test-Retest Reliability
Equivalent Forms Reliability
Cronbach’s Alpha - Internal consistency - 22Heredity vs EnvironmentMain assumption → If a trait is affected by genetic factors, individuals that are more similar genetically should be more similar with respect to that trait.
- 23Adoption and Twin StudiesGenetically similar people raised in different environments → Similarity in this case can be more likely attributed to genetic factors.
- 24Sources of Variability in Twin StudiesIf correlation is lower than for MZ, can attribute that to genetic influence.
If correlation is lower than MZ reared together can attribute that to the environment. - 25What is the conceptual definition of heritability“the proportion of the total variation in a given characteristic in a given population that can be attributed to genetic differences between members of that population” (Mackintosh, 1998)
- 26genotype vs phenotypeGenotype
underlying Genetic Factors
Phenotype
Expression of underlying Genetic factors (Gv)
Can be influenced by Environment (Ev)
Also interaction between G and E + residual variation. - 27What are problems with Heritability Estimates1) Genotype-environment correlations and interaction
2) Calculating H assumes genetic and enviro contribution are independent - Heritability seems to vary with SES
3) Age of comparison
4) Selective placement of Adoption - 28What are racial differences in IQThe racial differences in IQ are real (i.e measured) and their existence is not overly contentious or disputed (although some disagree).
- 29Why are there group differences?Genetics --> Heritability estimates tell us at most about variation within a group rather than between groups.
Environment --> Flynn effect argues for environmental contribution - 30The Bell CurveHerrnstein & Murray argue that racial differences on IQ tests are inherent
Suggested this follows from substantial heritability of intelligence - 31Jensen (‘g’ theorist)Argued that if environments were equalised, the 15 point IQ gap would only be reduced by about 5 points, so it's still a real difference.
- 32Flynn (Philosopher)While NOT agreeing with Jensen, he said: “The truth can’t be racist, nor can anyone be held suspect for telling the truth as they see it, UNLESS their assessment of the evidence falls below the minimum level expected from a scholar”
- 33Gould (Zoologist & Palaeontologist)“Disturbing as I find the anachronism of The Bell Curve, I am even more distressed by its pervasive disingenuousness. The authors omit facts, misuse statistical methods, and seem unwilling to admit the consequences of their own words.”
- 34What is the flynn effectThe Flynn Effect is a phenomenon discovered by intelligence researcher James Flynn that determined the average IQ of humans steadily increases over time.
lynn (1987) showed increases of 5 to 25 points on IQ tests in a generation over 14 countries. - 35—
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- Year 1 PSYC1002 Flashcards on T5 Mental Abilities, created by Maree Sialepis on 24/10/2024.
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- Maree Sialepis · Oct 2024
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- Oct 24, 2024
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