Flashcards
Tectonic Landscapes
Cards in this deck (30)
- 1What is the movement of tectonic plates caused by?The convection current
- 2What does the convection current cause the plates to do?collide, move towards each other or move away from each other
- 3What is a hotspot?Hotspots are fixed points in the mantle that generate heat (they normally occur under the ocean)
- 4How is a volcano formed at a hotspot?The intense heat causes a build-up of pressure and magma erupts through the crust
And when the magma rises above the oceans surface a volcano is created - 5What are the 4 Plate Boundaries?A Collision
Conservative
Constructive
Destructive - 6When does a Destructive Plate Boundary occur?When oceanic and continental plates move towards each other. The oceanic plate is then forced under the continental plate. Friction causes melting of the oceanic plate which may trigger earthquakes, Magma then rises up through cracks and erupts onto the surface.
- 7When does a Constructive Plate Boundary Occur?when plates move apart. Volcanoes are formed as magma wells up to fill the gap, and eventually new crust is formed.
- 8When does a Conservative Plate Boundary Occur?where plates slide past each other in opposite directions, or in the same direction but at different speeds.
Friction is eventually overcome and the plates slip past in a sudden movement. The shockwaves created produce an earthquake. - 9When does a Collision Plate Occur?When two continental plates collide. Both plates are forced up and form fold mountains.
- 10What are the two methods to measure earthquake magnitude?The Mercalli Scale
The Richter Scale - 11How does the Mercalli Scale measure earthquake magnitude?Measures the Intensity of the earthquake by eyewitness accounts on a scale of 1 - 12
- 12How does the Richter scale measure earthquake magnitude?Measure of the earthquake using a seismograph and it is measured on a scale of 1 - 9 and each number of the scale is split into 10 points (E.G 1.1, 1.2 etc.)
- 13What is the Epicentre?A point on the earths surface
- 14What is the focus?A Point below the earths surface
- 15What is a shock wave?A wave released from the point where an earthquake originates below the earths surface (The focus)
- 16What is an economic reason for living in an area of volcanic activity and some examples?Volcanic soils are very fertile - Coffee is grown on the slopes of volcanoes of columbia.
Geothermal energy is produced in area that have volcanic activity - In Iceland Reykjavik has cheap electricity because of geothermal energy. - 17What is a social reason for living in areas of volcanic activity? Provide examples.People think there is little risk of a volcano actually happening and if the volcano does erupt the government would help them- In the US when St helens erupted people refused to move from the evacuation areas
Family and friends have lived there for many years so all their relations are in one place - Sicily families are living on the slopes of the volcano.
These areas are LIC so most people can't afford to move away (poverty) - Indonesia, people live on Mt Merapi. - 18What is an environmental reason that people live in areas of volcanic activity? Provide examplesThe area around the volcano is very scenic and tourists want to visit - Mt Etna in Sicily has many tourist guides, providing jobs for locals.
- 19What is the Economic reason for people living in the areas of earthquake activities? Provide examples.Many earthquake areas are very scenic and locals get jobs in the tourist industry. Many jobs in Iceland People have jobs in the mining industry in earthquake areas.
- 20What is the Social reason for people living in the areas of earthquake activities? Provide examples.Perception - Many people think that there is actually very little risk of earthquakes happening (LIC's) or that the government has taken precautions against the likelihood of an earthquake.
In Japan most buildings are earthquake proof and so people feel safe. - 21What is the Environmental reason for people living in the areas of earthquake activities? Provide examples.Some earthquakes areas have been developed for the wealthy and therefor people wish to live there because of the fantastic environment.
Malibu, which is a very expensive coastal resort, has been developed on the Californian coast of the USA - 22How are earthquakes predicted?Seismometers, which are machines that can measure the movement and can predict where the earthquakes is going to take place
- 23How are volcanoes predicted?The movement of tilt meters that are placed on the slopes (Mt St Helens)
Gases are monitored (Mt Pinatubo)
Satellites that can monitor the change of the shape of the volcano. - 24How are buildings designed with defences against earthquakes?Many buildings have special features to make them more earthquake proof, such as automatic shutters that come down over windows and an interlocking frame work. An example of a building being modified to defend itself against earthquakes is San Fransisco airport, which has columns standing on 1.5m ball bearing which allows the building to move with the earthquake
- 25How are buildings designed with defences against volcanoes?If lava flows are cooled with water, the lava flows slower and eventually stop.
Diversion channels can be built around villages to divert the lava away from the civilisation settlements - 26How are people educated and what is planned to protect against Earthquakes?In Japan, schools and businesses practise earthquake drills such as ducking under tables and in the USA the government plans for earthquakes by having information packs on how to prepare for earthquakes.
- 27How are people educated and what is planned to protect against volcanoes?people who live close to volcanoes are taught to look for the signs that may mean the volcano is likely to erupt.
- 28What were the causes of Montserrat?The volcanic island of Montserrat is on a destructive plate boundary (the North American plate and the Caribbean plate) It produced a large ash cloud that covered the southern part of the island and pyroclastic flows of hot rock and ash were also thrown out of the volcano.
- 29What wee the effects of Montserrat on people?Number of people were killed
Villages were destroyed
Transport routes were destroyed
Physiological problems - people had to leave the island. - 30What were the environmental effects that Montserrat had?Ash and rock covered 4km of land
Pyroclastic flows removed all vegetation in the south of the island, and also the flows caused the River Belham to flood.
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- GCSE Geography (Tectonic Landscapes) Flashcards on Tectonic Landscapes, created by Iona Diack on 29/11/2015.
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