Flashcards
Non Verbal Communication
Cards in this deck (27)
- 1—Corpus Callosum
- 2Describe the Aim , method , Results obtained and conclusions drawn by the Sackeim study ?Aim = To look at the relationships between facial expressions and the hemispheres of the brain.
Method = Pictures of peoples faces showing different emotions were cut down the middle. New pictures were created with each half face and its mirror image. Then each pair of the new faces were shown to partcipants. They were asked which picture they liked better.
Results = The majority of participants said they prefered the picture of the left half of the face and its reflection. when asked why they said that the person in the picture looked " warmer ".
Conclusions = The left side of the face seems to express emoton much more than the right side. - 3State 2 studies in which verbal communication was investigated ?Argyle, Alkema and Gilmore = Tone of Voice
Davitz and Davitz = Paralinguistics - 4Explain the McGingley study by stating the Reason , Method, results and concluions drawn ?Reason = To see the effect of postural echo when having a conversation.
Method = A confederate of the experimenter approached individuals in a social setting and had converstaion with them. In half of the meetings, the confederate echoed the posture of the person they were talking to. In the rest of the meetings, the confederate did not echo the posture of the other person. Afterwards , the experimenter approached the individuals and asked them what they thought of the confederate.
Results = When postural echo was used , the people questioned liked the confederate and thought that they got on well together. When postural echo was not used, the confederate was not liked as much and the conversation felt awkward.
Conclusion = Postural echo gives an unconscious message of friendliness. - 5State 3 studies in which function of eye contact was investigated ?Kendon = Eye movements
Argyle = Interrupting eye contact - Dark glasses
Hess = Pupil Dilation - 6Describe and explain the Aim , Method ,Results and conclusions drawn of the McGingley , Lefevre , McGingley study ?Aim = To see the effect of open and closed postures when having a converstaion.
Method = A confederate approached individuals in a social setting and had conversations with them. In half of the conversations, the confederate adopted a open posture and the other half adopted an closed posture. Afterwards, the experimenter approached the partcipant and asked them what they thought of the confederate.
Results = When showing an open posture, the confederate was seen as friendly and attractive; however with a closed posture the confederate appeared unfriendly and less atractive.
Conclusion = The posture someone adopts can make a difference to how much they are liked. - 7State 2 studies in which facial expressions ,was investigated ?Ekman = Facial expressions of emotion are universal
Sackeim = Relationships between the facial expressions and the hemispheres of the brain. - 8Describe the Aim , Method results and conclusions of the Ekman (1982) study ?Aim = To support the idea that facial expressions of emotion are universal - recognised by people from all cultures.
Method = PTS from five different countries ( the United states , Brazil , Chile , Argentina , and japan were shown photographs of the seven facial expressions mentioned above.
Results = Ekman found that PTS had no difficulty in identifying the emotion that each photograph conveyed.
Conclusion = Ekman concluded that facial expressions that accompany emotion are innate. - 9State 2 studies in which posture was investigated ?McGingley = Postural echo
McGinley, Lefevre and McGinley = Open and closed postures - 10Describe the Davitz and Davitz study ?Aim = To see the effect of para-linguistics on the assessment of emotion.
Method = Participants were asked to listen to tape recordings and to assess the speakers emotions from the para-linguistics cues: Tone of voice , emphasis and intonation.
Results = There was a very high level of accuracy in recognizing these emotions: Affection , amusement , disgust and fear.
Conclusion = Para linguistics has great importance when judging emotion. - 11State 1 study in which gestures was investigated ?Lynn and Mynier = Waitress and waitresses
- 12Describe the Hess study ?Aim = To see the effect of pupil dilation on emotion.
Method = Participants were shown two nearly identical pictures of the same girl and asked which picture was more attractive. The only difference between the two pictures was that, in one of them , the girls pupils were dilated , and in the other picture they were not.
Results = The majority of participants said that the picture of the girl with dilated pupils was more attractive.
Conclusion = Pupil dilation has an unconscious but powerful effect on emotion. - 13State 1 study in which Touch was investigated ?Fischer , Rytting and Heslin = Librarian - Peoples attitudes
- 14Describe the Aim , Method , Results and conclusion of the Argyle study ?Aim = To see how interrupting eye contact affects conversation.
Method = Pairs of Participants were observed having conversations. In half the conversations, one of the participants wore dark glasses so that the other could not receive eye contact.
Results = When one of the participants wore dark glasses, there were more pauses and interruptions than when dark glasses were not worn.
Conclusion = Eye contact is important in ensuring the smooth flow and fluidity of converstaion - 15State 1 study in which sex differences in personal space was investigated ?Argyle and Dean = To see the effect of sex differences on personal space.
- 16Describe the ( Argyle , Alkea and Gilmore ) study ?Aim = To see if tone of voice has any effect when interrupting a verbal message.
Method = PTS were allocated to one of four different condition, Friendly message spoken in a friendly tone , Hostile message spoken in a hostile tone , Friendly message spoken in hostile tone and Hostile message spoken in a friendly tone.
Results = PTS interpreted the messages, it was found that tone of voice had about five times the effect of the verbal message itself.
Conclusion = Tone of voice is extremely important in how people interpret verbal messages. - 17Identify 2 studies in which individual differences in personal space was investigated ?Willis To see if age has an effect on personal space
Williams = To see if Personality has an effect on personal space. Extrovert / Introvert - 18State the Aim , Method , Results and conclusions for the Lynn and Mynier study ?Aim = To see the effect of gestures used by waiters and waitresses on the tipping behaviour of customers in a restaurant.
Method = Whilst taking orders from seated customers, waiters and waitresses acted as confederates and were instructed to either stand upright or squat down near the customer as this makes more eye contact possible.
Results = When the waiters and waitresses squattted down, larger tips were received compared to when they took orders standing upright.
Conclusion = The gesture of squatting down near a seated customer to take an order will have a positive effect on tipping behaviour. - 19Identify 1 study in which Gender differences in personal space was investigated ?Summer = To see if there are cultural differences in the use of personal space. White English / Arab people.
- 20Describe the Fischer , Rytting and Heslin study ?Aim = To see the effect on touch on peoples attitudes.
Method = Female students in a library were handed books by the librarian who was a confederate of the experimenter. Half of the students were briefly touched on the hand by the librarian when the books were handed to them. The other students were not touched by the librarian.
Results = When questioned later, the students who were touched had a much more positive attitude towards the library and the librarian than those who were not touched. The interesting thing was that the students were not aware that they had been touched.
Conclusion : Touch can have an unconscious and positive effect on attitudes. - 21Identify 1 study in which status and personal space was investigated ?Zahn = To see if status has an effect on personal space. Equal status / unequal status
- 22Describe the Argyle and Dean study ?Aim = To see the effect of sex differences on personal space.
Method = One at a time, participants were asked to sit and have a conversation with another person ( a confederate ). Sometimes the confederate was the same sex as the participant and at other times the confederate was of the opposite sex. The confederate sat at different distances from the participant and continually looked into the participants eyes.
Results = The participants tended to break eye contact with the confederate of the opposite sex at a gender distance apart than when the confederate was of the same sex. Argyle and Dean thought that this was the point at which personal space was being invaded.
Conclusion = We prefer to have a greater amount of personal space between ourselves and members of the opposite sex during normal conversation. - 23State and identify the factors affecting personal space ?Sex differences
Cultural norms
Individual differences
Status - 24Describe the Willis Study ?Aim = To see if age has an effect on personal space.
Method = Willis observed almost 800 individuals in different social situations.
Results = Those he observed tended to stand closer to people their own age and further away from people who were either very much older or younger than themselves.
Conclusion = Age differences affect how close people will stand to one another. - 25State the Aim , Method , Results and conclusions of the Williams study ?Aim = To see if personality has an effect on personal space.
Method = College students were given personality tests to see if they were extrovert or introvert. They were then sent to an office one by one to receive their college grades from a tutor. The researchers noted where they chose to sit in the office when receiving their grades.
Results = Introverts sat further away from the tutor than extroverts.
Conclusion = Whether someone is extrovert or introvert will affect their use of personal space. - 26Describe the Aim, Method , Results and conclusions drawn of the Summer Study ?Aim = To see if there are cultural differences in the use of personal space.
Method = Summer observed groups of white English people and groups of Arab people in a conversation.
Results The comfortable distance for the white English people was 1-1.5m, whereas the comfortable conversation distance for the Arab people was much less than that.
Conclusion = The use of personal space in normal conversation varies with culture. - 27Describe the Aim , Method , Results obtained and the Conclusions drawn for the ZAHN Study ?Aim = To see if status has an effect on personal space.
Method = Zahn observed people of equal status approaching each other to have a conversation. He also observed people of unequal status approaching each other.
Results = Zahn found that people of lower status did not approach higher status people with the same degree of closeness as those of equal status.
Conclusion = The use of personal space varies with differences in status when approaching other people.