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Description
Flashcards by Katie Harmeyer, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Katie Harmeyer
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Clovis I | -first Merovingian King -Name evolved to Ludovicus--> Louis -policy of murdering all possible rivals -ruled over a kingdom larger than modern day France -Pagan, until he took a Christian wife; then considered Christianity a magic to help him win battles ***First Germanic Catholic King*** |
| Merovingians | A dynasty of Franks that established themselves in France and ruled for over 200 years -important person is Clovis I -during the time of Germanic tribes in Europe -divided royal authority & land among aristocrats and sons, eventually leaving them with little power and land (as the aristocrats now had it all) |
| Carolingians | A family of the Austrian territory that took over ruling France after the Merovingians |
| Charles Martel | Carolingian that led an army to defeat a Muslim invasion in tours -succeeded by his son Pepin |
| Pepin the Short | -Carolingian who got permission from the pope to dismiss the current Carolingian from office (a deal was struck) -was in debt to the papacy because of this, so he fought Germanic tribes and captured lands for the papacy |
| Charlemagne | -son & heir of Pepin the short -had vast lands so counts and dukes could govern in his name -promoted the idea that he was God's representative on earth -crowned Emporer of the Romans by Pope Leo III -Extended Christian civilization into N. Europe -Set up strong, efficient governments & a royal library and school -Succeeded by his son Louis, after whom came the Treaty of Verdun -empire broken apart by vikings & Treaty |
| Treaty of Verdun | -split up Charlemagne's empire among his 3 grandsons after Louis (Charlemagne's son) ruled |
| Noble | the landholders of principalities within kingdoms |
| Vassal | within each noble household was a group of *military retainers* known as vassals -later known as knights |
| fief | estate held on the terms that nights and nobles will return another service to a greater lord (typically in the military) |
| feudalism | the economic and societal system of the Middle Ages that relied on fiefs, vassals, and peasants |
| chivalry | code of conduct for knights that required them to be brave, loyal, and true to their word, as well as fight fairly |
| troubadours | sang about brave knights and their devotion to their loves |
| village | consisted of a population of peasant families, living in a cluster, surrounded by their fields |
| manor | an artificial unit, controlled by a single lord (could be a king, nobeleman, or churchman with numerous manors) -often geographically identical to a village BUT ONE MANOR COULD INTO TWO OR MORE VILLAGES -most were self-sufficient |
| serfs | -made up most of the population, bound to their lord and the land |
| Eleanor of Acquitane | -one of the wealthiest and most powerful women of the Middle Ages -first married Louis VII, heir to the French throne, but then the marraige was annulled --> **free to make own choices** -soon after, married Henry, Duke of Anjou, soon to be Henry II of England -Son, Richard the Lion-Heart succeeded Henry as King & she acted as regent when he was on the Third Crusade -great patroness of troubadours and other literary figures |
| Sacraments | the sacred rites of the church |
| Papal supremacy | authority claimed by Popes over all secular rulers b/c they were God's representatives on Earth -played part in lay investiture controversy -remember that the pope crowned the Holy Roman Emperor |
| Canon Law | Church's body of laws that governed many aspects of life - including wills, marriages, and morals -anyone who disobeyed could be punished |
| Interdict | an order excluding an entire town, region, or kingdom from receiving most sacraments & a Christian burial -When faced with interdict, rulers would then have a revolt from the people - so pretty much all rulers gave in before facing this |
| Benedictine Rule | 1.obedience to abbot/abbess who headed monastery/convent 2. poverty 3. chastity/purity *developed by Abbot Berno in an effort to reform the structured Church |
| William the Conqueror | ENGLAND. Duke of Normandy who claimed King Edward of Eng. had left him the throne but had to eventually win it in battle. -took a complete CENSUS of he country to create the DOOMSDAY book, which allowed for more effective taxing, and blended French and English cultures |
| Henry II | ENGLAND. An English, well-educated king who expanded the royal court and therefore royal powers -set COMMON LAW by accepting the normal custom -claimed right to try clergy in his courts, which led to tension between him and Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury --> his knights eventually murdered Thomas Becket |
| common law | A legal system based on custom and court rulings developed during the reign of Henry II that applied all throughout England **unity** |
| John I | ENGLAND. An English ruler who lost in struggles with King Phillip II of France, Pope Innocent III and his own nobles --> result: had to give up royal lands to France and recognize England as a fief of the papacy & pay a yearly fee to Rome -disagreement with Pope Innocent III was over who should be Bishop of Canterbury -his own nobles grew angry with the *oppressive taxes** and forced him to sign the MAGNA CARTA |
| Magna Carta | ENGLAND. A great charter that John I was forced to sign that... 1. asserted the nobles of Eng had certain rights 2. declared that even the monarch had to obey the law -also protected from unfair taxing & arbitrary arrest -laid groundwork for rest of Eng and American gov |
| Great Council/Parliament | The group of English advisers that grew after the development of the Magna Carta As Parliament grew larger, Eng became more unified and more ppl had representation -House of Lords (nobles + clergy) and House of Commons (knights + middle class) |
| Hugh Capet | FRENCH. count of Paris ELECTED by nobles to fill the vacant French throne -elected bc of such little power - posed no threat -increased royal power by: (a) making the throne hereditary (b) adding to lands by playing powerful nobles against one another (c) winning the support of the Church (d) building an effective bureaucracy |
| Philip Augustus | FRENCH. A king of France -appointed middle class to fulfill gov positions, winning their support -introduced a national tax -granted many charters -QUADRUPLED ROYAL LAND HOLDINGS |
| Louis IX | FRENCH. a deeply religious King of France who persecuted Jews & heretics -led French knights into 2 wars -declared a Saint by Church -sent out roving officials to check on admin. -expanded royal courts -outlawed private wars -ended serfdom |
| Otto I | became King of Germany by WORKING CLOSELY WITH CHURCH (appointed bishops to some top gov positions, used an army to help defeat rebellious Roman nobles) -Pope declared him Holy Roman Empire |
| Concordat of Worms | A treaty that solved lay investiture conflict: -Church had the sole authority to elect and invest Bishops with spiritual authority -Emperor still had power to invest them w/fiefs |
| Lay investiture | the practice were the emperor or other lay person invested or presented bishops with the ring and staff that symbolized their office -controversy occurred between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII |
| Frederick Barbarossa (red beard) | -holy roman emperor -brought wealthy Italian cities under his rule by arranging the marriage between his son Henry and Constance, heiress to Sicily and S. Italy (did this after failing in battle) -grandson Frederick II was raised in Sicily and tried & failed to conquer Italy -Holy Roman Empire survived but remained a patchwork of feudal states |
| Who was lay investiture controversy betwen | Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV |
| Crusades | A series of wars that began in 1096 in which Christians battled Mursims for control over land in Middle East 1st- Christian knights captured Jerusalem and celebrated by massacring Muslims 4th-Christians end up fighting other Christians |
| Holy Land | ---- see notes |
| Pope Urban II | urged bishops and nobles to encourage knights and anyone who was willing to go on the First Crusade, after Byz Emp asked Pope Urban II to send Christian knights to fight -motives: increase power, unite Roman and Byz churches over common enemy |
| first crusade | only one that came close to achieving goals; see notes |
| marco polo | --see notes |
| reconquista | see notes |
| ferdinand and isabella | inquisition, reconquista, see notes |
| scholasticism | method used by Christian scholars that used reason to support Christian beliefs |
| Thomas Aquinas | wrote Summa Theologica; Concluded that both faith and reason point to the truth that faith and reason exist in harmony |
| vernacular | lang of common ppl; used when they started writing down oral traditions |
| Dante Alighieri | Divine Comedy- trip through hell and purgatory; pps actins detemine their fate in the afterlife |
| Geoffery Chaucer | Canterbury Tales -pilgrims travelling to Thomas Beckett's tomb |
| Joan of Arc | 17 year old peasant woman who claimed that God sent her to save France, so she led French troops to surprising success for 1 year until she was taken captive and burned at stake by english -later made Saint by Church -raised moral & considered a martyr |
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