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Flashcards

A Level DT - Chapter 1

Ravi Shah Product Design A-Level English 127 cards

Cards in this deck (127)

  1. 1Long-chain moleculeThe main constituent part of a polymer. The long-chain molecule is made up of a series of atoms - in the case of the hydrocarbons these would be made up of hydrogen and carbon along with elements such as oxygen
  2. 2PolymerThe proper term for a plastic material
  3. 3CelluloseA constituent part of timber. Approx 55% of a tree is made up of cellulose
  4. 4Heat TreatmentA term given to a range of processes using heat to cause a change in a metal's properties by making changes to the internal structure of the material. Annealing, hardening, tempering and normalising are the more common heat treatments
  5. 5BiodegradableA term given to materials that will break down with the aid of natural processes such as sunlight and rain
  6. 6RenewableMaterials that are extracted from managed sources. That can be replaced
  7. 7BiopolA polymer made from natural cellulose, which can be used to make biodegradable packaging
  8. 8DegradationThe deterioration of polymers
  9. 9Injection MouldingA method of processing thermoplastic materials. Products generally have complex 3D shapes
  10. 10Blow MouldingA process of manufacturing thermoplastic materials into re-entrant shapes with a single opening. Examples include soft drinks bottles, detergent bottles, etc.
  11. 11ParisonThe extruded tube of thermoplastic material used in the process of blow moulding
  12. 12Rotational MouldingA method of moulding thermoplastic polymers that involves plastics in powder form taking shape of a fully enclosed mould as the mould passes through a heating section. The material becomes rigid as the mould is cooled
  13. 13Cycle TimeThe time it takes to complete an operation within a production process
  14. 14TextureThe 'feel' of the surface of the material; can range from extremely smooth, through patterned, to very rough, e.g fro grip
  15. 15ThermoformingA form of vacuum forming. The main difference are that air pressure and an additional female mould assist the forming process, to enable greater detail to be achieved
  16. 16Vacuum FormingA process where sheets of thermoplastic polymer are heated and formed to shape by the application of a vacuum to 'pull' the material down onto the simple mould
  17. 17ExtrusionUsed to produce plastic products that have a uniform cross-section. Example include curtain rails, window frame sections, guttering, etc. The process can also be used to insulate wires and cables with a polymer
  18. 18CalendaringA process used to manufacture thermoplastic sheet. Generally polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are used to create the sheet
  19. 19Line (or strip) bendingA method of processing sheet materials, in particular thermoplastics; limited to producing simple shapes
  20. 20CatalystA substance that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed itself by that reaction. For example, hardeners used with the resins in the production of glass-reinforced plastic (GRP)
  21. 21Compression MouldingThe manufacturing process generally used for processing thermosetting polymers
  22. 22Cross-LinkThe fixing together of the long-chain molecules within a polymer
  23. 23van der Waals bondA type of atomic bonding found in thermoplastics. It is this electrostatic bond that allows the reshaping of thermoplastics when heated
  24. 24Rigid Cross LinksThese types of cross-links are found in thermosetting plastics and elastomer. They are a more rigid bond than the van der Waals bond found in thermoplastics, and do not react to the application of heat
  25. 25Fibre OpticsSpruGlass fibres that are used to transmit data using pulses of light
  26. 26SprueA vertical channel in a mould through which plastic or molten metal is introduced or out of which it flows when the mould is filled
  27. 27FunctionHow a product satisfies the intended purpose
  28. 28PerformanceHow well a product carries out its function
  29. 29Fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP)For example, carbonfibre-reinforced polymer, Kevlar-reinforced polymer, and glass-reinforced plastic. These are composites that are made by combining a woven material, such as carbon fibre, with a polymer resin and a catalyst to make a strong, lightweight material
  30. 30Fibre-reinforced compositeA material that is made up of resins and fibres. Can also refer to materials such as reinforced concretes, where reinforcing rods (fibres) have been added to the mix
  31. 31Particle-based compositesComposites that consists solely of particles of two or more different materials, e.g cermets and concrete
  32. 32WarpingDeforming in timber due to uneven drying
  33. 33Laying UpThe act of laminating, for example, glass fibre matt and coating it with polyester resin
  34. 34MattLoosely woven fibres that make up the material once resins have been added
  35. 35CermetA mixture of a metal and a cermaic
  36. 36LaminateBuilding up layers of materials, e.g plywood; also refers to a layer of plastic material, e.g melamine formaldehyde over chipboard
  37. 37AluminiumA soft, lightweight, silvery looking material. Usually alloyed with other metals to increase properties such as strength and ductility
  38. 38CorrosionThe deterioration of metals
  39. 39AlloyA mixture of two or more metals with the aim of enhancing particular properties
  40. 40Ferrous MetalsMetals that contain iron (ferrite) and carbon
  41. 41Non-ferrous MetalsMetals that do not contain iron
  42. 42Ferrous AlloysA mixture of two or more metals - at least one of which contains iron and carbon
  43. 43Non-ferrous AlloysMixtures of two or more metals - none of which contain iron
  44. 44IronIs converted from its ore by heating. The resulting impurities (Slag) are removed from the furnace leaving a soft greyish metal once cooled. Iron is rarely used without combining with carbon; this gives it greater strength. The result of this combination is steel. This can be alloyed with other metals in order to enhance particular properties
  45. 45CrystalThe main building block of most, if not all, metals
  46. 46SteelA mixture of iron and carbon. The amount of carbon present in the material determines the material's initial strength. Alloying with the other metals enables specific properties such as strength, toughness and resistance to corrosion to be enhanced
  47. 47CarbonIs an element found in a range of materials. Carbon is found in most organic materials; materials such as coal and diamond are made up purely of carbon. The amount of carbon in a steel has the effect of increasing strength and hardness
  48. 48CopperA brownish-looking metal; it can be alloyed with zinc to produce brass, or with tin to produce bronze
  49. 49BauxiteThe most common metal in the Earth's crust - can be made into aluminium using processes such as electrolysis
  50. 50OxidationWhen a material comes into contact with oxygen (e.g in the air) the result is an oxide layer that forms over the surface of metal. In most metals this serves to protect the material from further oxidation, but in the case of steels this oxide layer is porous and so allows further contact with air and therefore further oxidation
  51. 51Work HardeningThe name given to the effects of processing, i.e. rolling, bending or hammering a material while it is cold, i.e with no heat applied. Work hardening occurs when a metal is processed without the use of heat. While being cold worked, the metal's crystal structure is distorted. This in turn creates internal stresses that are responsible for making the material harder (and therefore increasing strength
  52. 52PlanishingGiving a final finish to metal by hammering or rolling it to produce a smooth surface
  53. 53NormalisingA heat treatment that is applied to steels in order to obtain crystals of a smaller, more regular size, thereby making the material stronger and tougher
  54. 54AnnealingA process of heating a metal that has been work hardened. 'Soaking' the metal at an appropriate annealing temperature allows the crystals to reshape, so relieving internal stresses that cause work hardening
  55. 55Annealed GlassGlass is cooled very slowly in an oven called a 'lehr' to reduce internal stresses
  56. 56HardeningHardening of steels is carried out by heating the metal (usually steel) to cherry red followed by rapid cooling (quenching). This process is usually followed by tempering to remove any brittleness
  57. 57TemperingA heat treatment process carried out after hardening to remove any brittleness that may be present in the hardened material. The hardened material is cleaned to its natural shiny grey colour. Heat is then applied and when the correct tempering colour is seen the material is then rapidly cooled (quenched)
  58. 58Tempered GlassAnother term for toughened glass
  59. 59Tempering ColourThe colour seen on a piece of steel that will indicate an appropriate temperature to remove brittleness from the material
  60. 60QuenchingThe term given to the rapid cooling of a metal following a heat treatment
  61. 61DuraluminThe general name given to alloys containing aluminium
  62. 62WeldingThe general term given to joining primarily metals, and some polymers, by heat fusing the component materials together
  63. 63FinishingRefers to the removal of burs or other blemishes in a material following processing
  64. 64CNC (Computer Numerical Control)The control of machines such as lathes, drills, punches and so on, using a special machine programming language, which can be generated from CAD(Computer Aided Design) drawings
  65. 65FluxA chemical used to prevent oxidation of the material at the joint area just prior to joining
  66. 66SinteringA process whereby powder particles are fused together at their contact points between other particles
  67. 67Powder ProcessingThe range of manufacturing processes for metal or ceramic powders
  68. 68HardwoodTimbers that are deciduous and slow growing
  69. 69SoftwoodTimbers that are evergreen and quick growing
  70. 70DeciduousA general term used to describe trees that lose their leaves in autumn
  71. 71EvergreenA general term used to describe trees that do not lose their leaves in autumn
  72. 72GrainThe visual effect of the flow of tracheids
  73. 73TracheidsThe cells of woods
  74. 74LigninThe natural resins that hold the cells together in timbers
  75. 75KnotsNatural defects found in timber - the start of branches from the trunk
  76. 76ConversionSawing up logs to provide useable wood forms
  77. 77Slab SawnA form of conversion where the trunk of the tree is cut into slabs - more prone to warping
  78. 78Quarter SawnA form of conversion that can prevent warping and can be used to enhance the grain
  79. 79SplitsSeparation of timbers fibres along the grain due to rate of drying
  80. 80ShrinkageAll timbers shrink due to moisture lost in seasoning
  81. 81Moisture contentThe amount of 'water' in the timber. Usually shown as a percentage of volume
  82. 82TwistingA form of warping that is due to a combination of a method of conversion (Sawing the trunk of the tree) and uneven seasoning
  83. 83RotThe breaking down of the lignin resins in woods that hold the tracheids (Cells) together
  84. 84Deathwatch BettleInsect responsible for the destruction of mainly hardwoods, e.g. oak-frame buildings; churches and barns can be affected by the deathwatch beetle
  85. 85Kiln DryingA form of seasoning that uses steam in a controlled way to reduce the content of moisture in timber
  86. 86DecayThe deterioration of woods
  87. 87AestheticsThe features in a product that make it visually appealing, e.g. colour, texture, shaping, style features
  88. 88VeneerA thin section sheet of timber (usually hardwoods) that is glued to a cheaper base material, e.g. chipboard or block board
  89. 89Wood ProductsTimber-based products made from the by-products of timebr
  90. 90Lime-soda glassUsed for windowpanes, storage jars and bottles
  91. 91Float GlassSheet glass is produced by floating molten glass on a bath of molten tin. The flat surface of the molten metal gives the glass its flat, smooth surface
  92. 92Plate GlassA high-quality glass of few impurities that has been rolled and polished. Uses include mirrors and large windows
  93. 93CulletGlass that has been crushed into very small particles ready for re-melting and recycling
  94. 94BlowingUsed to produce an air bubble in the first gather of glass, then to enlarge the 'bubble' to produce the final object. traditionally glass is blown by a glass blower, but some manufacturing processes, e.g. bottle manufacture, include blowing the material into a mould
  95. 95SlumpingA process where sheet glass is heated to a temperature where it softens, and is allowed to take the shape of the mould
  96. 96LehrA furnace in which hot glass (about 500c) is placed after working, enabling it to be brought down to room temperature very slowly
  97. 97Toughened GlassGlass is heated uniformly and then rapidly cooled by air jets. This causes the outside surfaces to be under compressive stress, while the inside of the material is in tension. External forces must overcome these stresses to shatter the glass
  98. 98Lead GlassWhen lead is added to glass, it improves clarity and the ability to reflect light (refraction). Products include optical products such as prisms and lenses. Expensive 'crystal' tableware is made with this material
  99. 99PyrexA well-known heat-resistant glass containing boron
  100. 100Boro-silicate glassGlass containing boron and used generally for kitchenware and laboratory equipment, due to its heat resistance and good resistance to chemicals
  101. 101Fine Bone ChinaA form of clay that contains ground animal bone. It has a translucent quality, which means that some light will pass through the material. Fine bone china is used in the manufacture of products aimed at the upper end of the market
  102. 102SlipLiquid clay - clay mixed with water
  103. 103Slip castingThe process of pouring slip into plaster of Paris moulds
  104. 104JiggeringA traditional technique for producing flatware such as saucers, plates and dishes
  105. 105RenderingsColour drawings using tones of colour and texture to produce a realistic artist impression of designs. These can be done using CAD.
  106. 106LayoutThe way text and images are arranged in a specific space. It includes position size, orientation and how they work together
  107. 107Mood BoardsCollection of images, colours, fabric/material, samples, etc. used to guide designs towards a style
  108. 108Presentation BoardsBoards usually used to prevent designs to a client or others. These may have rendered drawings, dimensioned orthographic views, and so on
  109. 109Copyrightthe legal right of ownership of copy or artwork that cannot be copied for use without the owner's permission
  110. 110Process ColoursCyan, magenta, yellow and black - the four colours combined in a print process to make full-colour images
  111. 111Pantone ColourA specific colour recognised by a code and generally used as a spot colour
  112. 112Wed-fedPrinting onto a continuous roll of paper, rather than onto individual sheets (sheet-fed)
  113. 113Registration MarksMarks printed with each colour in a two-, three- or four-colour printing process that should line up to create a sharp, clear image
  114. 114Digital PrintingPrinting presses can be linked directly to computers to remove the need to make printing plates
  115. 115Print RunThe number of copies to be printed from an original at any one time
  116. 116Smart MaterialsMaterials whose physical properties change in response to an input, e.g making them simpler or safer to use
  117. 117Modern MaterialsMaterials that have only been available in their present form since the 1960s or 1970s. They cannot be considered 'smart' since they do not react in any way to the environment in which they are used
  118. 118Piezoelectric DevicesDevices that either generate electricity when loaded, or change shape/size with a useful force when connected to an electronic circuit
  119. 119Thermoplastic PigmentA smart material that changes in temperature. It can be used in products to indicate, for example, whether food or drink that it contains is too hot to consume
  120. 120Liquid CrystalsCarbon-based crystals that can have their orientation changed when an electric current is passed through them
  121. 121Phosphorescent PigmentsCeramic powders that have the ability to absorb light and then release the light energy over a long period of time. They can be mixed with acrylic paints/inks for creating illuminated signs that do not require an additional power source
  122. 122Shape Memory AlloysMetal alloys specially developed to 'remember' their shape under specific conditions
  123. 123RheologicalRefers to the deformation and flow of matter. In this case the way greases and fluids react to movement between adjacent components
  124. 124Semi-conductor materialA material that will conduct electricity only under special circumstances, e.g. when it has reached a specific temperature or when a particular voltage has been applied. By doping the material with small amounts of 'impurities' (i.e. other elements) the temperature and/or voltage can be more closely controlled
  125. 125Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)Liquid crystals are carbon-based compounds that can be made to move in response to a small voltage. When they are in their 'natural state', they allow light to pass through. When charged, the crystals align with the flow or electrons, making a pattern or block of colour
  126. 126Plastic CoatingThe process of heating a metal (usually mild steel) product to around 230c and then dipping it into a fluidised bath of thermoplastic granules, which stick to the product. A smooth plastic finish is achieved
  127. 127MaplexA modern man-made board produced from wood fibres. The structure is not bonded using adhesives, instead it uses very high compressive forces to form the material

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A-Level Product Design Flashcards on A Level DT - Chapter 1, created by Ravi Shah on 18/03/2016.
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Ravi Shah
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