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Flashcards

Population Case Studies

Rosie Carver Geography AS - Level English 53 cards

Cards in this deck (53)

  1. 1Crude Birth RateIn 2005, Crude Birth Rate was 8 in Germany and 51 in Niger
  2. 2Death RateSouth Africa has the highest death rate in the world (17.5) possibly due to crime rate. Lesotho has a death rate of 15, so a HIC has a higher death rate than an LIC. The UK has a death rate of 9.4. In southern Africa, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has caused an exceptional increase in mortality
  3. 3Infant Mortality RateIn the UK, the mortality rate is 4.69, In Uganda it was 63 in 2010
  4. 4Life ExpectancyIn the UK, the average life expectancy is 82 years however the Democratic Republic of Congo has an average life expectancy of 49.62. In RBKC, life expectancy can differ up to 10 years. Glasgow has a life expectancy of 69 years, Senegal is 66.
  5. 5Migration RateIn the UK in 2014, the net migration was 318,000 whereas in Chad, the net migration was -120,000. In the Rwandan Genocide, 332,000 migrated to the DRC, not because it was the most developed, but because it was the nearest safe country at the time. US limit migration to 675,000 per year.
  6. 6Natural IncreaseIndia has a natural increase rate of 13 per 1,000 or 1.3% per year
  7. 7Global Population Growth• Grow from 6.1 billion in 2000 to 8.9 billion by 2050
    • 57 million people added to the world every year.
    • 58% of the growth will be in LICs and 2% in HICs.
  8. 8UK's Demographic History- Stage 1Prehistoric to 1760. Total population was small- 6 million in 1700. Poor diet and hygiene as well as wars and diseases such as the Black Death and cholera, caused a high death rate, which cancelled out the high birth rate.
  9. 9UK's Demographic History-Stage 2(1760-1880): The population grew quickly- it was 5 times larger from the 1880s. Improvements in farming and medicine reduced starvation and disease, so death rate fell. Birth Rate remained high and the economy grew quickly. Urban populations grew particularly rapidly.
  10. 10UK's demographic history stage 3(1880-1940): The population was still growing but at a slower rate- 47 million by 1941. Birth control improved and was used more frequently, so the birth rate fell. Death rate continued to fall as food supply, medicine and hygiene continued to improve.
  11. 11UK's Demographic History Stage 4(1940-today): Population growth has slowed down- 56 million by 1981. Death rate was low, except during WW2 and birth rate was also low ,except for the baby booms after WW2 and in the 60s.
  12. 12UK's demographic history Stage 5(today +): Death rate today is almost exactly the same as the birth rate and the population is ageing- pensioners outnumber children and it’s been estimated by 2030, a quarter of the UKs population could be over 65. The population could begin to decline if birth rate drops below death rate because there are too few young people, or death rate becomes larger than birth rate because the large population of elderly people die.
  13. 13DTM Iran Case StudyCase Study- Iran:
    Birth rate 2010- 19/1000
    Death rate 2010- 6/1000
    Population growth rate- 1.3%
    This would put Iran at the beginning of stage 3, women living in the cities are likely to be more educated, expect to work, marry later and have fewer children. Fertility rate is 2, so population growth will begin to slow. Western influences on social and economic attitudes may decrease birth rate further, so Iran could move into stage 4 soon.
  14. 14Recent UK immigration trends¬ Annual net gain in the UK between 1990-2007. Before 2004, most immigration originated from Africa, the Middle East and South Asia.
    ¬ Since the enlargement in the EU in 2004, the majority of migrants have come from EU countries in eastern Europe.
    ¬ Between 2004 and 2006, 181,000 immigrants came to the UK from eastern Europe.
    ¬ In 2007 the overall net migration gain was 237,000.
  15. 15Causes of recent UK immigration¬ In 2007, GNI per capita in the UK was $40,660 compared to $9,850 in Poland.
    ¬ Unemployment in Poland in March 2007 was twice as high as in the UK and the minimum wage in the UK was more than five times greater.
    ¬ Governments have encouraged migration as most are economically active.
    ¬ Immigrants provide a source of skilled cheap labour which is what the UK needed in the economic boom of 2004-2007.
  16. 16Impacts of UK migration¬ Economic Benefits depend on the skills of the migrants
    ¬ Large numbers of young immigrants with families can put a strain on housing and public services such as schools and healthcare.
    ¬ Environmental concerns such as housing demand and loss of countryside due to urban development
  17. 17Australia's population problems¬ High birth rate (12.4) and low death rate (7) leading to elderly population
    ¬ Australian women are having children later- the average age for marriage was 32 for men and 29 for women.
    ¬ Fertility rate is low due to the emigration of key workers, yet population is large, so this will decrease the amount of economically active people, meaning there will not be a suitable workforce in the future. The economy is growing fast but they might not be able to support it in the future.
    ¬ Every year 60,000 people emigrate from Australia, and they need to be replaced.
    ¬ Ageing population, need more workers to maintain standard of living.
  18. 18Policies Australia is putting in place¬ Encouraging immigration with skills-based migration.
    ¬ Prospective immigrants must pass a points based skills test, based on employment, education, qualification, age (under 30s preferred) and ability to speak English.
    ¬ Stimulating natural increase by introducing paid parental leave and baby grants ($5000 per baby in 2009)
  19. 19Social impacts of migration to AustraliaWorkforce and people are diverse, language diversity, immigrants get paid less, so boost the economy, ethnic crime debates
  20. 20Economic impacts on migration to AustraliaImmigrant groups display higher rates of entrepreneurship. Physical beauty attracts business HQ's and TNC's. Immigrants paid less, boost economy
  21. 21Environmental Impacts of migration on AustraliaPoor land management leads to soil salinity and soil erosion. Water supply is limited, leading to long droughts. 94% rainfall evaporates. Soil becomes infertile. Dams constructed to save water
  22. 22Background to the one child policu¬ There was perceived overpopulation in the 1970’s.
    ¬ Between 1950-1980 China’s population increased by about 400 million, which threatened resources
  23. 23Actions used to enforce the policy• Compulsory birth control after one child
    • No grain rations, no schooling, disadvantages at work where there is a second child.
    • One child families get priority on housing, education and health.
    • Couples were closely monitored by health workers who were trusted members of the Communist Party.
    • Permission and certificate needed for all pregnancies.
    • Pregnancies without certificate may be aborted
    • Compulsory sterilisation for all couples with 2 children.
    • Couples with 1 child get 10% tax bonus.
    Compulsory sterilisation for all couples with 2 children.
  24. 24Successes of the policy• Birth rate fallen from 33 per 1000 in 1970 to 17 per 1000 in 1996
    • Estimated that 300 million birth prevented from its implementation to 2010
    • Survey carried out in 2008, suggesting 75% of China’s population supports the policy
    • Annual population growth rate fell from 2.4% to 0.6% in the 40 years to 2008.
  25. 25Failures of the policy• Baby Girls can be killed or hidden as most Chinese families want a male child, leading to less marriages.
    • The new generation of single children are heavily spoilt by their parents.
    • Little emperor syndrome, where parents spoil their one boy
    • China now has a 117:100 ratio of boys to girls
    • Improvements in healthcare and living standards has meant that there are more elderly people, meaning there is an increasing number of elderly dependents. By 2030, ¼ of people will be over 60. Could lead to a burden on young people
    • The proportion of young people has fallen steeply, threatening labour shortage.
  26. 26Causes of the UK's ageing population• In 2005, 16% of the population of the UK were over 65. This is expected to rise to 25% by 2041. This is due to:
    1. Increasing life expectancy- between 1980 and 2006, life expectancy rose 2.8 years for women and 4 years for men. It’s currently 81.3 for women and 76.9 for men. As people live longer, the number of older people increases.
    2. Baby Booms- Lots of babies were born in the 1940s and 60s. These large generations are starting to retire, increasing the number of elderly people.
    3. Falling birth rate- There are fewer young people, so the proportion of older people is greater
  27. 27Positives of the ageing population¬ Many elderly people still do part or full time work- over 25% of the employees at B&Q are over 55. They can work flexible hours and do not carry costs like national insurance
    ¬ Many businesses service the grey pound
    ¬ Helps the private health sector, as they regard the elderly as good business
    ¬ Investment of pension funds by fund managers provides a valuable source of money for companies and organisation
  28. 28Problems with the ageing population- pensions1. Pressure on the pension system: Today 60% of the working age population are paying taxes that go towards the pensions of 19% of the population of retirement age. By 2030, only 56% of the population will be of working age but the taxes they pay will have to pay for the pensions of the 27% of the population of retirement age.
    2. More elderly people living in poverty- the state pension isn’t very large, and many people don’t have other savings. The working population isn’t large enough to provide a better pension. Creates need for new housing
    3. More people are claiming pensions for longer, meaning the government has to increase the retirement age.
  29. 29Problems with ageing population- Healthcare1. Pressure on healthcare services: Older people often need more medical care than younger people e.g. the average stay in hospital in 2005 for people over 75 was 13 nights but only 8 nights for the population as a whole.
    2. WHO warns that ageing populations mean an increase in heart disease, cancers and diabetes. Treating these could put a burden on the NHS
  30. 30Strategies to deal with ageing population1. The age of retirement has increased: Retirement in the UK is currently 65 for men and 60 for women, but it will be raised to 68 for everyone by 2050.
    2. Encouraging immigration of working age people- the UK has allowed immigration of people from countries who joined the EU in 2004, e.g. Poland. In 2004, around 80% of immigrants that came to the UK from the new EU countries were 34 or under. This also increases the size of the working population.
    3. Encouraging more women to have children- new UK pension proposals mean women won’t lose out of on state pensions it they take career breaks to have children. Working family tax credits support women (and men) who go back to work once their children are born, which might also encourage more couples to have children.
  31. 31Are these strategies sustainable?1. Increasing retirement age- This helps towards sustainable development because it doesn’t increase the population. Bit it might mean more jobs are needed, as people work for longer. This could hinder sustainable development if the new jobs aren’t provided in a way that works towards sustainability.
    2. Allowing immigration- this is only sustainable if the needs of the new people are met in a sustainable way (energy)
    3. Encouraging more children- this could increase the population of a country, and so is similar to immigration.
  32. 32Uganda- Fertiltiy Rate, Life Expectancy, Death Rate, Infant Mortality, % under 15 in 2007, % over 65, expected growthFertility- 7
    Life Expectancy- 52
    Death rate- 11.9, fell due to UNICEF Projects
    Infant Mortality- 63.7
    % under 15- 50%
    % over 65- 3%
    pop- currently around 30 million, but by 2025 it’s thought it will grow to about 56 million.
  33. 33Social Implications of youthful populationFaces outbreak of civil war if not happy with standard of living. Educational resources stretched. Lack of funding for social development, lack of access to family planning
  34. 34Economic ProblemsHigh rates of unemployment (22%), puts pressure on economically active, climate change threatens income from agriculture
  35. 35Health care problems1. Pressure on the health service-around 6000 women already die each year in childbirth. When the youthful population reaches reproductive age the pressure on the health service will be ever greater, potentially leading to more deaths. The health service is also stretched because of HIV/AIDS. It’s passed on from mother to child and through unprotected sex, so HIV/AIDS may spread further when the youthful population start to have children, putting more strain on the health system.
  36. 36Employment problems1. Unemployment could get much worse- in 2003 unemployment in Uganda was 3.2%. However 50% of the population are under 15 and so weren’t counted in these figures. When the large youth population reaches working age there won’t be enough jobs for them all, so unemployment will rise further, causing poverty to increase.
  37. 37Strategies for youthful population1. Encouraging the use of contraceptives and family planning- the use of contraceptives among married women is less than 25%. However, family planning clinics aren’t widespread, so many people don’t have easy access to birth control. Since 1991, birth rate has increased, suggesting this method isn’t working.
    2. Policies to combat the spread of HIV/AIDS: In the late 1980’s a programme of education called the ABC approach was introduced (Abstain from sex until marriage, Be faithful to one partner and use Condoms). This strategy worked- HIV infection rates fell from 15% of all adults in 1991 to 5% in 2001.
  38. 38Are these strategies sustainable?1. Encouraging contraception: This should reduce birth rate and help prevent overpopulation from getting any worse. This means the country can focus on sustainable development for the current population, without the population increasing dramatically and putting pressure on sustainable development strategies.
    2. Reducing the spread of disease- this relieves pressure on the healthcare system, which frees up money to be used elsewhere, e.g. in developing sustainable irrigation techniques for rural farming communities.
  39. 39Ethnicity of Canning Town¬ 61% White Ethnicity, 27% Black
  40. 40What was the CATCH project?£3.7 billion project in mid 2000s
  41. 41Describe housing before and after the CATCH projectBefore-Most housing is social housing, Unnaffordable for those on low incomes
    Large homes in short supply
    After-10,000 new homes replaced old high rise tower blocks.
    Built more family sized homes
  42. 42Wealth and Employment before and afterBefore- Average income is £23,000
    6.7% unemployed.
    After-Skills training has been provided for local people.
    Low cost offices built to encourage investment and businesses to come to the area.
    Improved bus services allow residents easier access to workplaces.
  43. 43Health Before and AfterBefore-Long term illness or disability (9.1% of residents) limits economic prospects
    65% of residents class their health as good.
    After-New health centre, library and play areas.
    Safer streets initiative through lighting and redevelopment of open space.
  44. 44Education before and afterBefore-43.1% had no qualifications in 2001.
    16.5% have a university degree
    After-Focus on attainment in schools through teaching initiatives and a focus on behaviour.
    In 2007, exam pass rates has improved to 55% A*-C
  45. 45What two things opened recently in canning town which promoted development and jobs?Westfield- 8,000 jobs and Europe’s largest shopping centre
    Olympic Village- 17,900 jobs, £9.9bn boost in economy
  46. 46General factors about CornwallNo motorways, poorest part of UK, lots of greenery, agricultural
  47. 47What are the factors that affected the population structure in CornwallNatural Decrease- Deaths in Cornwall have exceeded births for decades, due to Cornwall having a very large retired population. However life expectancy is above UK average.
    High Inward Migration- 50-59 year olds move to Cornwall who are preparing for retirement. Many families move to the SW. In 2005, ½ of students hadn’t been born in Cornwall. People seeking better quality of life buying a flat.
    Outward Migration- 16-29 year olds moving out due to declining number of full time jobs and seasonal tourist economy. Many young people move to go to university and never go back (brain drain).
  48. 48Economic Problems in Cornwall• Lowest average annual income per person. The average full-time income in 2008 was £21, 522 (25% below UK average).
    • Tourism biggest industry. It has helped to offset some of the losses in primary employment, but it is seasonal and unreliable.
    • Pressure on pensions
  49. 49Housing issues in Cornwall• Houses are unaffordable.
    • Less social housing, but increasing need for social housing as local people are unable to buy homes.
    • Right to buy scheme in 1980’s and 1990’s reduced social housing.
    • Purchase of small cottage properties by investors, affecting local people looking for somewhere to live.
  50. 50Services and Welfare in Cornwall• No Motorways.
    • Rail services are slow
    • One airport.
    • Only 14% of rural parishes have access to a doctor’s surgery.
    • 29% of rural settlements have no bus.
    • Sixth form provision provided by Truro College, which is 3 hours’ journey away for some
  51. 51Describe the funding Cornwall has recievedIn 2000, Cornwall was classified by the EU as an Objective One region, meaning that the region qualified for poverty-related grants from the EU.
    The region received over £350m of funding between 2000-2006 which laid the foundations to revive the local economy and brought significant improvements. However, by 2007 Cornwall was identified as having a relatively weak economy compared with the European average and was subsequently awarded ‘Convergence Status’ worth £415m over the period 2007-2013.
  52. 52Describe the Objective One schemeDeveloping Newquay airport, Dualling the A30, Developing the rail line between truro and st austell, superfast broadband, £2 billion funding for farming industry
  53. 53Problems since the objective one scheme• In 2008, a £3.5 million factory closed after being opened in 2002 following the objective one scheme.
    • A significant number of jobs remain seasonal and low paid and the gap between the lowest and highest earners has remained the same.
    • Cornwall remains the second poorest region in the country.
    • Little funding has been allocated to low cost housing provision.

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AS - Level Geography Flashcards on Population Case Studies, created by Rosie Carver on 30/03/2016.
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Rosie Carver
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