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Flashcards

Geography: Economic Development

Becky Hemming Geography GCSE English 52 cards

Cards in this deck (52)

  1. 1What is development?Development is an improvement in the standard of living of the people in a country.
  2. 22 ECONOMIC Development Indicators...1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): the total value of all the goods and services a country provides
    2. GDP per capita: GDP divided by the total population
  3. 39 SOCIAL Development Indicatiors...1. Birth Rate (meaures females education and contraception)
    2. Death Rate (measures quality and access of healthcare)
    3. Infant Mortality Rate: the number of babies that die under 1 year old per thousand born
    4. People per deoctor: average
    5. Literacy Rate: % of adults that read and write
    6. Access to clean water: % that can get water
    7. Life Expectancy: average age people are expected to live
    8. Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI): calculated using life expectancy, literacy rate and infant mortality rate
    9. Calorie intake: average number of calories eaten per day
  4. 4What factors are incorporated with calculating Human Development Index?Life expectancy, literacy rate, education level, income per head
  5. 55 ENVIRONMENTAL factors that affect development level1. Poor climate: can't grow food - lead to malnutrition/ starvation/ ill health - lower quality of life - less money from taxes (less people working because of illness) - can't spend as much on developing and improving
    2. Poor Farmland: (as above)
    3. Limited water supply: (as above)
    4. Lots of natural hazards: money required to rebuild infrastructure after disaster - reduce QOL
    5. Few Raw Materials - make less money from selling
  6. 63 POLITICAL factors that affect development level1. Unstable Governments: might not invest in most beneficial things (eg healthcare, education and improving the economy) - slows development
    2. Corrupt Governments: some people in power get richer while others remal poorer with a lower QOL
    3. War: country loses money that could be spent on development on expensive equipment, rebuilding things that have been destroyed and fewwer people working becase of fighting
  7. 73 ECONOMIC factors that affect devlopment level1. Poor trade links: less exchange of goods and services between countries, won't make a lot of money to spend on devlopment
    2. Lots of debt: poor countries borrow money from richer countries - money has to be paid back (sometimes with higher interest rates) and can't be sued for development.
    3. Economy based on primary products: less profit, prices fluctate and can fall below production costs.
  8. 83 SOCIAL FACTORS1. Drinking water: if it's dirty or difficult to access people could get ill - not be able to work - can;t add money to economy
    2. Women in Society: more developed if women have an equal place with men - more likely to be educated and work, adding to economy
    3. Child Education: more children that are eductaed - able to get good jobs and add to economy
  9. 9How were the countries classified in the 1960s?First, second and third world
  10. 10What 4 categories can countries fall in now? + Examples1 Most Developed Countries (eg UK, Norway)
    2. Newly industralising Countries (eg China)
    3. Middle Income Countires (eg Poland)
    4. Least Developed Countries (eg Angola)
  11. 11What are the disadvantages of development indicators?- Economic indictaors can be innacurate becuase it doen;t take into account informal, untaxed work, plus exchange rates fluctuate
    - Social Indicators can be difficult to measure
  12. 12Define AidThe transfer of money/ equipment/ manpower to another country, with the objective of benefitting the recipent country.
  13. 13What are the 2 types of International aid?1. Official Development Assistance (ODA): Given by governmants and paid for by taxtes
    2. Voluntary Aid: Non-Governmental Organisations form companies and individuals
  14. 14What are the 2 types of ODA aid?1. Multilateral Aid: given indirecty, and organised by international bodies
    2. Bilateral Aid: given directly from one country straight to another
  15. 15Disadvantages of Bilateral Aid?Can be tied, which means that it's given wth the condition that the recipent must buy their good and services from the donor
    This means the products/ services might be more expensive that elsewhere, so the money might not go as far.
  16. 16What are short-term and long-term aid, and the impacts of each?1. Short-Term Aid: is used to compe with immediate emergencies
    - stage of developmet of country remains unchanged
    - if slow to react, might not go to where it's most needed
    2. Long-Term Aid: used to help countries develop (eg dams and wells to improve clean water supplies/ contruct schools to improve literacy rate)
    - can take a while until it's benficial
    + but overtime, recipent country becomes less relaint
  17. 17What are the 4 types of Industry? + Examples1. Primary Industry: collecting raw materials (eg farming, fishing)
    2. Secondary Industry: manufacturing (eg making textiles and furniture)
    3. Tertiary Industry: providing a service (eg banking, retail jobs)
    4. Quaternary Industry: high tech, scientists and researchers investigate and develop products (eg electronics, IT)
  18. 18What is the employment structure in LEDCs like?- Most workforce in primary industry
    - Few in secondary (not enough money to invest in the technology required)
    - Small amount of tertiary
    - No quaternary industry (not enough educated/ skilled workers)
  19. 19What is the employment structure in an NIC like?- Employment in secondary industry increases, then decreases (% of people employed is higher as industry develops, but then buisness move factories to LEDCs where labour's cheaper)
  20. 20What is the employment structure like in an MEDC?- Few in primary (machines replace workers and it's cheaper to import products)
    - Most people work in tertiary (high demand and people can afford services)
    - Quaternary industry (highly skilled workers and money to invest)
  21. 21What to consider when locating PRIMARY industry?Environmental: access and availability of raw materials, sutable cimate, good quality soil
    Economic: Cheap land, good transport routes
  22. 22What to consider when locating SECONDARY industry?Environmental: close to raw materials, plenty of flat land, local water supply
    Economic: suitable local market, government grants, lots of workers, good transport routes
  23. 23What to consider when locating TERTIARY industry?Environmental: green open spaces
    Economic: suitable local market, good transport links, skilled and eductaed workers
    Social: enough local people
  24. 24What to consider when locating QUATERNARY industry?Environmental: green open spaces
    Economic: near to similar buisnesses, skilled and educated workers
    Social: lots of nice quality housing
  25. 25What are the environmental Impacts of PRIMARY industry: FARMING?- Monoculture (growing 1 type of crop): reduces biodiversity,
    - Removing hedge rows: destroys habitats, increases soil erosion (wind break)
    - Herbicides/ Pestacides: kill wild flowers and insects. Plus the making of them uses fossil fuels - global warming
  26. 26What are the environmental Impacts of PRIMARY industry: MINING?- Destroys large areas of land: fewer habitats and food sources
    - Uses lots of water: depletes sources
    - Can cause water pollution
  27. 27What are the environmental Impacts of PRIMARY industry: FISHING?- Overfishing: deplets resources and upets food chains
    - Fishing boats can leak oil and diesel: killing aquatic animals
  28. 28What are the environmental Impacts of PRIMARY industry: FORESTRY?- Fewer habitats and food sources
    - Soil Erosion
    - More CO2 (less removed) - global warming
    - Less water removed from soil, less evaporates, fewer clouds form so less rainfall
  29. 29What are the environmental Impacts of SECONDARY industry: FACTRORIES?- Land, air and water pollution
    - Built in countryside, habitats killed
    - Use lots of energy from burning fossil fuels
  30. 30What are the environmental Impacts of TERTIARY and QUATERNARY industry?- Use lots of energy from burning fossil fuels
  31. 31How can industry be made more sustainable? Farming Mining Forestry Fishing Factories Offices, Shops and veichles- Farming: fewer herbicides, maintain hedgerows
    - Mining: laws introduces to reduce water pollution, habitats restored once disused
    - Forestry: laws introduced to make loggers plant a tree for every one that they cut down
    - Fishing: quotas to stop overfishing, fish raised on fish farms
    - Factories: laws to reduce pollution, building on brownfield sites, use energy efficient devices
    - Offices, shops and veichles: turning off computers instead leaving them on standby, using more efficient veichles
  32. 32Define climate change?Any change in the weather of an area over a long period
  33. 33Define Global Warming?Increase in global temperate over the last century
  34. 34Why is the atmosphere's temperature increasing?The temperature on earth is a balance between the heat it recievs from the sun, and the heat it loses to space.
    Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere act as an insulating layer, trapping heat. Anincrease in outging heat (eg burning fossil fuels) is trapped by the gases causing the earth to warm up.
  35. 35What are the ECONOMIC impacts of Global Climate Change?- At higher altitudes it will be warmer, meaning that farmers can make more money because crop yield will increase
    - At lower altitudes it will be too hot and dry to grow crops, meaning that income and food supply decreases
    - Weather will be more extreme: expensive to predit weather events
    - Industries that help to reduce climate change will grow and become more popular
  36. 36What are the ENVIRONMENTAL impacts of Global Climate Change?- Sea levels rise because ice on land melts. This means habitats are lost as low wand is submerged.
    - Rising temperatures and less rain mean that areas turn into deserts
    - Distrubution of species will change, some could die out
  37. 37What are the SOCIAL impacts of Global Climate Change?- People won't be able to grow as much food, leading to malnutrition, ill health and starvation
    - More deaths in extreme weather events
    - Hotter weather spreads infectious diseases, meaning more deaths and ill health
    - Some areas become inhabitable because they are too hot and dry.
  38. 38What are the POLITICAL impacts of Global Climate Change?- Water sources are scarce, leading to competeition over water which could cause wars
    - Causing people to move, increased migration.
    - Governments under pressure to find a solution to slowing climate change
  39. 39What is the Kyoto Protocol?It was a global response to climate change, agreed in 1997, aiming to monitor andcut greenhouse gases.
    Each country was set a target of how much to cut down by.
    Countries that met their target were awarded with carbon credits. They could sell these to countires that didn't meet thair targets. Countries could also earn carbon credits by helping pooer countries to reduce emissions.
  40. 402 NATIONAL responses to Climate Change1. Transport: improving publictransport networks to run faster and cover a wider area inorder to encourage more people to use them
    2. Taxation: Increasing taxes on cars with high emission, to encourage people to buy cars with low emissions
  41. 413 LOCAL responses to Climate Change1. Congestion Charges: local authorities charge people for driving cars into cities during busy times, encouraging people use use their cars less
    2. Recycling: Local authraoties can
    a) Recycle more by building recycling plants and providing more bins
    b) Create energy by burning recycled waste
    3. Conserving Energy:
    a) Give money and advice to make homes more energy efficient
    b) Turn off electrical
  42. 42What is globalisation?Process of countreis becoming more integrates: the whole world coming together like a single community
  43. 43Why has globalistion increased?- Improvements in ICT: emails, internt, phone lines and mobile. This means information can be carried faster, so it's quicker and easier for businessed to communicate - not time is lost.
    - Improvemnts in Transport: more airports, high speed trains and larger ships. This makes it easier for people to communicate fact to face, and easier for companies to transport supplies and products
    - Multinational Companies. They link together countries through production and sale of goods, and bring culture from their country of origin to many others.
  44. 44What are Multinational Companies (MNCs)?Countries that produce and sell products. They are located in more than one country. They are rich and employ lots of people with a large output.
  45. 45Why do MNCs locate in LEDCs?- Cheaper labor: make more profit (less health and safety regulations)
    - Longer working hours: products can be made quicker
  46. 46Where are MNCs headquarters and research centres located and why?In MEDCs beacuse there are more skilled and educated workers.
  47. 47Advantages of MNCs+ Create jobs, increasing wealth, which has a multiplier effect. More businesses come into the area, meaning that there is more money to spend
    + Sometimes there a more skilled jobs, that encourage more eductaion and training, and have higher wages
    + The MNC spend money on improving the infrastructure
    + The MNC pay taxes used to develop the economy
    + LOcal companies supply the MNC, inceasing their income
  48. 48Disadvantages of MNCs- Jobs aren't always secure, MNC could relocate
    - Employees may have to work long hours in poor conditions
    - Lower wages paid in LEDCs than MEDCs
    - Other similar local buisnesses could struggles
    - Profits go back to the MEDCs original country
    - Large sites attract traffic, increasing pollution and waste.
  49. 49ECONOMIC Impacts of MNCs in MEDCsDeindutrailisation - manufacturing moves to LEDC. MEDC develops tertiary and quaternary sectors (increasing the gap between the rich and poor). People with good qualifictaions will find work easily in well-paid companies, however poorer less skilled workers will suffer
  50. 50ECONOMIC Impacts of MNCs in NICs and LEDCsIndustralisation: secondary manufactiuring increased, however wealth isn't spread easily, so gap between rich and poor is created.
  51. 51ENVIRONMENTAL impacts of MNCs- Carbon emissions through transportation- global warming
    - Waste
    - Deforestation - countries in tropical areas can make moeny and sell crops for profit, but destroys habitats, reduces biodiversity and creates soil erosion
    - Oil pollution: when things are transported by ship, killing fish and seabirds
  52. 52SOCIAL AND CULTURAL impacts of MNCs- improves people's quality of life in LEDCs
    more jobs = more money= people can afford more = improved infrastructure = services improve
    - cultural: lose cultral heritage, but exposed to others

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GCSE Geography Flashcards on Geography: Economic Development, created by Becky Hemming on 05/04/2016.
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Becky Hemming
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