The Living World

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Advanced placement Environmental Science (Flashcards) Flashcards on The Living World, created by Ashley Hay on 07/04/2016.
Ashley Hay
Flashcards by Ashley Hay, updated more than 1 year ago
Ashley Hay
Created by Ashley Hay almost 8 years ago
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Question Answer
primary succession ecological succession occurring on surfaces initially devoid of soil (starts w/ algae, mosses, & lichens)
secondary succession succession of plant life that occurs in areas that were disturbed but didn't lose their soil (starts w/ grasses + wildflowers)
theory of island biogeography dual importance of habitat size and distance in determining species richness bigger habitats = more species less distance = more species
species richness number of species in a given area
species evenness relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a given area
microevolution evolution below the species level
macroevolution evolution that gives rise to new species, genera, families, classes, or phyla
mutation random change in genetic code produced by a mistake in the copying process
recombination genetic process by which one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome during reproductive cell division
artificial selection humans determine which individuals breed, typically w/ a preconceived set of traits in mind (ex: dogs)
tundra simple food chain, cold, treeless, short growing season, short plants (shrubs, moss, etc.)
boreal forest (aka coniferous aka taiga) cold winters, low precipitation, poor soil, evergreen trees
temperate rainforest moderate temperature, high precipitation, coastal, large trees
temperate (seasonal) forest (aka deciduous) warm summer / cold winter, long growing season, good soil, broadleaf trees
temperate grassland / cold desert cold/harsh winter, hot/dry summer, fires common, grasses
woodland / shrubland mild/rainy winter, hot/dry summer, plants are drought + fire resistant (ex: sage)
tropical seasonal forest (aka savanna) warm temperatures, distinct wet/dry seasons, grasses and grazing animals, open landscape, fertile soil
desert hot temperature, dry, sparse vegetation, succulents common
nitrogen fixation converts nitrogen gas in atmosphere into nitrogen that producers can use biotic: bacteria = N2 -> NH3 -> NH4+ abiotic: lightning, fires & fossil fuels: N2 -> NO3-
transpiration release of water from photosynthesis
evapotranspiration combined amount of evaporation and transpiration - measure of water through ecosystem
fossil fuels solid: coal liquid: petroleum (oil) gas: natural gas from carbon cycle, when burnt makes CO2
10% rule energy is conserved at about 10% when passing from prey to predator (in other words, only 10% passes from each level on the pyramid)
photosynthesis process where producers use solar energy to convert CO2 and water into glucose sunlight + C02 + H2O ---> O2 + glucose
cellular respiration process where cells unlock the energy of chemical compounds O2 + glucose ---> CO2 + H2O + energy
aerobic and anaerobic respiration aerobic: cells convert glucose and O2 into energy, CO2, and H2O anaerobic: same as the above, but without oxygen (ex: some bacteria in the mud)
detritivores organisms that specialize in breaking down dead tissues and waste products into smaller particles (ex: dung beetles)
GPP (gross primary productivity) the total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time
NPP (net primary productivity) the energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire NPP = GPP - respiration
ecological efficiency the proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one energy level to another
gene flow the process where individuals move from one population to another and thereby alter the genetic composition of both populations
genetic drift a change in the genetic variation among individuals in a population
bottleneck effect a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population b/c of the reduction in size
founder effect a change in the genetic composition of a population as a result of descending from a small number of colonizing individuals
keystone species a species that plays a far more important role in its community than its relative abundance would suggest (ex: sea otters)
fundamental niche a suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce
realized niche the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives
niche generalist vs. specialist generalist: a species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions specialist: a species that is specialized to a specific habitat or to feed on a small group of species
mass extinction a large extinction of species in a relatively short period of time (there have been 5, but most scientists suggest we are currently living in the 6th)
ammonification fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic nitrogen found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic ammonium (NH4+) **part of the nitrogen cycle
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