Flashcards
The Living World
Cards in this deck (40)
- 1primary successionecological succession occurring on surfaces initially devoid of soil (starts w/ algae, mosses, & lichens)
- 2secondary successionsuccession of plant life that occurs in areas that were disturbed but didn't lose their soil (starts w/ grasses + wildflowers)
- 3theory of island biogeographydual importance of habitat size and distance in determining species richness
bigger habitats = more species
less distance = more species - 4species richnessnumber of species in a given area
- 5species evennessrelative proportion of individuals within the different species in a given area
- 6microevolutionevolution below the species level
- 7macroevolutionevolution that gives rise to new species, genera, families, classes, or phyla
- 8mutationrandom change in genetic code produced by a mistake in the copying process
- 9recombinationgenetic process by which one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome during reproductive cell division
- 10artificial selectionhumans determine which individuals breed, typically w/ a preconceived set of traits in mind (ex: dogs)
- 11tundrasimple food chain, cold, treeless, short growing season, short plants (shrubs, moss, etc.)
- 12boreal forest (aka coniferous aka taiga)cold winters, low precipitation, poor soil, evergreen trees
- 13temperate rainforestmoderate temperature, high precipitation, coastal, large trees
- 14temperate (seasonal) forest (aka deciduous)warm summer / cold winter, long growing season, good soil, broadleaf trees
- 15temperate grassland / cold desertcold/harsh winter, hot/dry summer, fires common, grasses
- 16woodland / shrublandmild/rainy winter, hot/dry summer, plants are drought + fire resistant (ex: sage)
- 17tropical seasonal forest (aka savanna)warm temperatures, distinct wet/dry seasons, grasses and grazing animals, open landscape, fertile soil
- 18deserthot temperature, dry, sparse vegetation, succulents common
- 19nitrogen fixationconverts nitrogen gas in atmosphere into nitrogen that producers can use
biotic: bacteria = N2 -> NH3 -> NH4+
abiotic: lightning, fires & fossil fuels: N2 -> NO3- - 20transpirationrelease of water from photosynthesis
- 21evapotranspirationcombined amount of evaporation and transpiration - measure of water through ecosystem
- 22fossil fuelssolid: coal
liquid: petroleum (oil)
gas: natural gas
from carbon cycle, when burnt makes CO2 - 2310% ruleenergy is conserved at about 10% when passing from prey to predator (in other words, only 10% passes from each level on the pyramid)
- 24photosynthesisprocess where producers use solar energy to convert CO2 and water into glucose
sunlight + C02 + H2O ---> O2 + glucose - 25cellular respirationprocess where cells unlock the energy of chemical compounds
O2 + glucose ---> CO2 + H2O + energy - 26aerobic and anaerobic respirationaerobic: cells convert glucose and O2 into energy, CO2, and H2O
anaerobic: same as the above, but without oxygen (ex: some bacteria in the mud) - 27detritivoresorganisms that specialize in breaking down dead tissues and waste products into smaller particles (ex: dung beetles)
- 28GPP (gross primary productivity)the total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time
- 29NPP (net primary productivity)the energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire
NPP = GPP - respiration - 30ecological efficiencythe proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one energy level to another
- 31gene flowthe process where individuals move from one population to another and thereby alter the genetic composition of both populations
- 32genetic drifta change in the genetic variation among individuals in a population
- 33bottleneck effecta reduction in the genetic diversity of a population b/c of the reduction in size
- 34founder effecta change in the genetic composition of a population as a result of descending from a small number of colonizing individuals
- 35keystone speciesa species that plays a far more important role in its community than its relative abundance would suggest (ex: sea otters)
- 36fundamental nichea suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce
- 37realized nichethe range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives
- 38niche generalist vs. specialistgeneralist: a species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions
specialist: a species that is specialized to a specific habitat or to feed on a small group of species - 39mass extinctiona large extinction of species in a relatively short period of time (there have been 5, but most scientists suggest we are currently living in the 6th)
- 40ammonificationfungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic nitrogen found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic ammonium (NH4+)
**part of the nitrogen cycle
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- Advanced placement Environmental Science (Flashcards) Flashcards on The Living World, created by Ashley Hay on 07/04/2016.
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- Ashley Hay
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