Flashcards
Biology Unit 1-7 Flashcards
Cards in this deck (199)
- 1What's a balanced diet? B1.1A balanced diet contains the correct amounts of all the nutrients needed for healthy functioning of the body.
- 2What do carbohydrates, fat and protein do to the body? B1.1They release energy and build cells
- 3What is meant by metabolic rate and what factors affect the rate? B1.1Metabolic rate is a measure of how quickly the chemical reactions in cells release energy from food. Exercise/proportion of fat to muscle/inherited factors affect the rate.
- 4If you exercise more, what happens to the body? (refer to metabolic rate and chemical reactions) B1.1If you exercise, more energy is used by the body. Exercise increases the metabolic rate, which means that the chemical reactions in cells work faster.
- 5The more exercise you take, the more (....) you need B1.1Food
- 6Define malnourished B1.1Not eating enough food or not eating enough healthy food
- 7What can obesity lead to? (give example) B1.2Health problems such as Type 2 diabetes (high blood sugar)
- 8What does exercise do to the body? B1.2Helps keep the body healthy
- 9How can you reduce weight problems? B1.2Eating less carbohydrate and increasing the amount of exercise you do
- 10Why do starving people find it difficult to walk about? B1.2They either have too little energy or may have a deficieny disease due to lack of vitamins or minerals
- 11What happens to your body if you take in too much energy or vitamins? B1.2You become malnourished by either gaining weight or developing a disease.
- 12How can people change their lifestyle to help lower their blood cholesterol level? B1.3They can increase exercise or reduce saturated fat income.
- 13Why does eating too much make you put on weight? B1.3The food contains energy, and any excess energy is stored
- 14How do pathogens make you feel ill? B1.4Pathogens produce toxins which damage cells.
- 15Why did it take so long for others to accept the ideas of Semmelwiess? B1.4No one knew about bacteria or viruses.
- 16What is a pathogen? B1.4Microorganisms that cause infectious disease
- 17What happens when bacteria or viruses enter the body? B1.4They reproduce rapidly. They make you feel ill by producing toxins
- 18What do viruses do? B1.4They reproduce inside cells and damage them.
- 19How are many pathogens prevented from entering the body? B1.5The skin stops them (also mucus and stomach acid)
- 20How do white blood cells defend the body? B1.5(1) ingest pathogens
(2) produce antibodies
(3) produce antitoxins - 21Why are antibiotics only able to kill bacteria? B1.6Viruses are inside the body cells.
- 22What do antibiotics do? B1.6Kill infective bacteria in the body but DON'T have an effect on viruses
- 23What do medicines do? B1.6Relive symptoms of a disease but don't kill the pathogens that cause it
- 24How do antibiotics kill bacterial diseases? B1.6Killing the bacterial inside your body
- 25Why are viruses difficult to destroy? B1.6They reproduce inside body cells
- 26How do you keep a bacterial culture pure? B1.7Microorganisms from the air must be killed or prevented from entering the culture
- 27Why do industrial laboratories use 35 degrees Celsius instead of 25 degrees Celsius as in schools? B1.7The bacteria will grow at a faster rate.
- 28How do you make sure unwanted microorganisms do not contaminate a pure culture of bacteria? B1.7Heat all equipment, boil solutions and cover Petri dishes or flasks.
- 29What can be grown on agar jelly? B1.7Bacteria
- 30How do you keep a culture pure? B1.7-Kill all the bacteria on the equipment -pass metal loops through a flame; boil solutions and agar
-Prevent microorganisms from the air getting into the equipment
-Seal lid of petri dish with tape
-Replace lid on dish quickly - 31Why do pathogens spread rapidly? B1.8Very few people are immune to the new pathogen.
- 32How does natural selection cause resistant population of bacteria to develop? B1.8The antibiotics kill the non-resistant strains which allows the resistant ones to survive and to multiply (no competition).
- 33What is meant by vaccination? B1.9Injection of a dead or inactive pathogen to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies.
- 34What do vaccines contain? B1.9Dead or inactive pathogens
- 35What do vaccines do? B1.9Encourage your white blood cells to produce antibodies that destroy the pathogens
- 36What are the advantages and disadvantages of vaccination? B1.10Advantages - protects the individual and society from serious diseases which may cause death
Disadvantages - May cause side affects in a few people - 37Why is it necessary to develop new medicines? B1.10Some pathogens are resistant to drugs. New pathogens arise by mutation.
- 38Give three reasons to explain why a person may be malnourished. B1.1(1) they may take in too much energy, (2) they may have too little food and (3) particular nutrients maybe missing from their diet.
- 39Give three factors that affect how much energy a person needs. B1.3Size of the person, sex of the person, the amount of exercise they do, the outside temperature, pregnancy, breastfeeding.
- 40Why is it difficult to produce medicines to destroy viruses? B1.6Viruses produce inside body cells. The drug would also damage the cells or tissues.
- 41How are the ideas of Semmelweis used in modern hospitals? B1.4Everyone in a hospital should wash their hands or use hand gels to prevent transfer of pathogens.
- 42What is meant by mutation of a pathogen? B1.4A mutation is a change in a gene.
- 43How is a pandemic different from an epidemic? B1.8A pandemic occurs when a disease spreads between different countries, an epidemic occurs within one country.
- 44Why don't doctors given antibiotics for mild throat infections? B1.8Mild throat infections can get better quickly without antibiotics. Overuse of antibiotics results in the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
- 45Explain how bacteria develop antibiotic resistance. B1.8Some bacteria mutate and become resistant to an antibiotic. Antibiotics kill the non-resistant strains. The resistant strains multiply. Each time antibiotics are used more of the resistant strain survive until the whole population of bacteria is resistant to the antibiotic.
- 46How does a person develop immunity following vaccination? B1.9White blood cells respond to the vaccine by producing antibodies. If the body is infected with the pathogen, the white blood cells respond quickly by producing more antibodies.
- 47Reflex B2 KWRapid automatic response of the nervous system that does not involve conscious thought.
- 48Synapse B2 KWThe gap between neurons where the transmission of information is chemical rather than electrical.
- 49Reflex arc B2 KWThe sense organ, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron, and effector organ which bring about a reflex action.
- 50Menstrual cycle B2 KWThe reproductive cycle in women controlled by hormones.
- 51FSH B2 KWFollicle stimulating hormone, the female hormone that stimulates the eggs to mature in the ovaries, and the ovaries to produce hormones including oestrogen.
- 52Pituitary gland B2 KWSmall gland in the brain which produces a range of hormones control in the body functions.
- 53Oestrogen B2 KWFemale sex hormone which stimulates the lining of the womb to build up in preparation for a pregnancy.
- 54Ovary B2 KWFemale sex organ which contains the eggs and produces sex hormones during the menstrual cycle.
- 55Ovulation B2 KWOvulation
B2 KW - 56Kidney B2 KWOrgan which filters the blood and removes urea, excess salts and water.
- 57Enzyme B2 KWProtein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst.
- 58Pancreas B2 KWAn organ that produces the hormone insulin abd may digest enzymes.
- 59Phototropism B2 KWThe response of a plant to light, controlled by auxin.
- 60Gravitropism B2 KWResponse of a plant to the force of gravity controlled by auxin.
- 61Auxin B2 KWA plant hormone that controls the responses of plant to light and to gravity.
- 62What sitimuli are detected by the sense organs? B2.1Light,sound, chemicals, touch, pain and temperature changes
- 63How do impuses pass from the receptor to the central nervous system? B2.1By electrical impulses that go along a sensory neuron How do impuses pass from the receptor to the central nervous system?
- 64What is the function of a relay neuron? B2.2It links the sensory neuron and motor neuron
- 65Which hormones are made in the pituitary gland? B2.3FSH and LH (Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone) Which hormones are made in the pituitary gland?
- 66Which hormone is inhibited by the contraceptive pill but is given in fertility treatment? B2.4FSH
- 67Why is it important to control our body temperature? B2.5So that the enzymes work properly
- 68Why do shoots bend towards light? B2.6Unequal distribution of auxin causes unequal growth of the shoot
- 69What are the ethical concerns about using fertility drugs? B2.7Much older women have babies. Extra embryos may be produced and stored.
- 70Why is it important to use hormones correctly in agriculture? B2.7The hormones may kill trees or other plants as well as weeds
- 71Name the two main types of effector in the human body. B2.1Glands and muscles
- 72What are neurones? B2.1Nerve cells which are found in nerves -They carry electrical impulses.
- 73Name three stimuli which affect humans. B2.1Three of: light, sound, chemicals, touch, pain and temperature.
- 74What effect does oestrogen have on FSH production? B2.3LH is also produced by the pituitary gland and it causes the egg to be released at about the middle of the menstrual cycle. Oestrogen is produced in the ovaries and stimulates the pituitary gland to produce more LH. It also inhibits the further production of FSH.
B2.3 - 75Where is FSH produced and how do they affect other hormones? B2.3Made by the pituitary gland.
Causes the egg to mature and oestrogen to be produced. - 76Where is oestrogen produced and how do they affect other hormones? B2.3Produced by the ovaries.
Inhibits (stops) the further production of FSH. Stimulates the production of LH and also stimulates the womb lining to develop to receive the fertilised egg. - 77Where is LH produced and how do they affect other hormones? B2.3Made by the pituitary gland.
Stimulates the mature egg to be released from the ovary (ovulation). - 78State two internal conditions that need to be controlled. B2.5Water, mineral ions, temperature and sugar
- 79How are impulses transmitted across a synapse? B2.2By means of a chemical
- 80What type of cell detects a change in the environment? B2.5Receptor
- 81Name a plant hormone. B2.6Auxin
- 82What is a Gravitropism? B2.6Response of a root to gravity
- 83Describe the sequence of events in a reflex action. B2.2Stimulus - receptor - sensory neuron - relay neuron - motor neuron - effector - response
- 84Placebo B2 KWA substance used in clinical trials which does not contain any drug at all.
- 85Double-blind trial B2 KWA drug trial in which neither the patient nor the doctor knows if the patient is receiving the new drug or a placebo
- 86Thalidomide B2 KWA drug that caused deformities in the fetus when given to pregnant women to prevent morning sickness
- 87Statin B2 KWDrug which lowers the blood cholesterol levels and improves the balance of HDL's to LDL
- 88Depression B2 KWA mental illness that involves feelings of great sadness that interfere with everyday life.
- 89Drugs B2 KWA chemical which causes changes in the body. Medical drugs cure disease or relieve symptoms. Recreational drugs alter the state of your mind and/or body.
- 90Withdrawal symptom B2 KWThe symptom experienced by a drug addict when they do no get the drug to which they are addicted.
- 91Steroid B2 KWDrug that is used illegally by some athletes to build muscle and improve performance
- 92Why is it important to test new drugs? B3.1To find out if they work, if they are toxic, to find the best dose and for side effects
- 93Why do doctors prescribe statins? B3.2To reduce cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease
- 94Why should herbal remedies be tested in a double-blind trial? B3.2To check that they work ass well as a tested drug like Prozac
- 95Why are some drugs addictive? B3.3They change the bodies chemistry
- 96Why is it easy to become addicted to recreational drugs? B3.4They affect the nervous system, particularly the brain.
- 97Why do some athletes take drugs to improve their performance? B3.6The drugs help their muscles which helps them win.
- 98Why was thalidomide given to pregnant women many years ago? B3.1It was found to be useful to treat morning sickness
- 99Why is thalidomide never given to pregnant women nowadays? B3.1It caused limb abnormalities in babies whose mothers were treated when pregnant
- 100Name two very addictive drugs. B3.3Cocaine and heroin
- 101What is meant by recreational drugs? B3.4Drugs which are taken by pleasure rather than to cure a disease or symptom
- 102What is meant by double blind trial? B3.2Neither the doctor nor the patient know who has been given the drug or the placebo.
- 103What condition is caused in many teenagers who smoke cannabis? B3.5Depression which is a mental health problem
- 104Which parts of the body is affected by recreational drugs? B3.4The brain, nervous system and the liver
- 105What is meant by an 'adaptation'? B4.1Special features of organisms
- 106What is meant by an 'extremophile'? B4.1Microorganisms which are adapted to live in conditions where enzymes won't usually work because they would denature.
- 107Why do large animals find it difficult to cool down? B4.2Bigger animals have smaller surface areas compared to their volume. This means that they can conserve energy more easily but it is also more difficult to cool down.
- 108MATHS SKILL B4.2Larger organisms have a smaller surface area: volume (SA:V) ratio. The SA : V of a cube with sides 1 cm long is 6: 1.
- 109Give three ways a plant can conserve water? B4.3-Extensive roots
- Waxy leaves
- Small leaves
- Water storage in stems - 110Why do animals need territory? B4.4An animals territory will be large enough to find water, food and have space for breeding.
- 111Why do plants try to spread their seeds as far as possible? B4.5So they don't compete with themselves
- 112Name 3 non-living environmental factors B4.7Temperature, rainfall, light and oxygen levels
- 113Competing strategies in plants B4Growing taller for light, Seed dispersal for area and different root systems for water and nutrients
- 114How do extremophiles differ from normal organisms? B4They have adaptations enabling them to survive in extreme conditions of salt, temperature and pressure
- 115The larger the animal the ... the SA:V ratio is B4Smaller
- 116Why are so many animals in the artic large? B4The larger an animal is the smaller the surface area to volume ratio is (SA:V), if you have a smaller surface area than it means there is less places for thermal energy to escape from, so animals in the Artic are large because then they have a smaller SA:V which means that they lose less thermal energy through the skin
- 117List three ways in which artic animals keep warm in the winter B4A small SA:V, blubber and a thick fur coat
- 118Why do animals try to cool down without sweating in hot, dry conditions? B4There is little water to spare and sweating would mean that they lose water (which would be very hard to replace)
- 119Why do some animals change coat colour in certain seasons? B4It gives them year round camouflage
- 120Name four adaptions for hot, dry conditions B4Large SA:V ratio, thin fur, little fat and behaviour patterns to escape the heat of the day
- 121How do plants lose water through their leaves? B4They lose it from the stomata trying to get gases for photosynthesis and respiration, as water vapour escapes
- 122Name three plant adaptations for surviving in dry conditions? B4-Reducing the surface area of leaves
-Having water storage tissues
-Extensive root systems - 123Give one useful adaptation for a herbivore and one for a carnivore. B4A useful herbivore adaptation could be a wide range of tastes, a useful carnivore adaptation could be having long legs to run fast
- 124What do plants compete with each other for? B4Light, water, nutrients and space to grow
- 125How do the fluffy parachutes of the dandelion help the seeds to spread out? B4The seeds will be carried by the wind so will spread to another area
- 126Which non-living environmental factor affects the distribution of polar bears?The local climate
- 127How do environmental changes happen?Environmental changes can be caused by a number of living and non-living factors
- 128Why are arctic foxes white in the winter? B4.2They are camouflaged against the snow and ice and their prey find it more difficult to see them.
- 129Define adaption B4A feature which allows the organism to live in its normal environment
- 130Why do large animals find it difficult to cool down? B4They have a small surface area to volume ratio
- 131Give three ways a plant can conserve water? B4Small leaves, water storage in stems, curled leaves
- 132Why do animals need territory? B4So that they can find enough food and water, they also need space to protect and rear their young
- 133Why do plants try to spread there seeds as far as possible? B4To avoid competition for water, light and mineral ions
- 134What is the advantage to the fig tree of attracting the right kind of fig wasp? B4The wasps pollinate the fig tree with the right sort of pollen
- 135How are the star-nosed mole and Venus fly trap adapted for survival? B4The mole is sensitive to touch and smell so detects food underground. The venus fly trap is brightly coloured and produces sticky nectar to attract and trap flys
- 136Why do some birds fly further north to find nesting sites? B4Climate change has caused it to become warm enough further north for the birds to nest and possibly too warm further south
- 137State three things that plants compete for? B4Temperature, rainfall, light
- 138Why are arctic foxes white in the winter? B4So they are camouflaged against the snow and ice and their prey find it more difficult to see them.
- 139State the three possible ways a plant might conserve water B4Smaller leaves, water storage tissue, swollen stem
- 140Why do warning colours prevent some animals being eaten? B4The colour signals that they are poisonous or have an awful taste
- 141Why do some animals move north during the summertime and return south in the winter? B4The climate further south gets too warm in the summer. It is too cold for them in the northern winter
- 142Why do some woodland plants grow and flower early in the year? B4So that they are able to use the sunlight to photosynthesis and grow. Once the trees have their leaves the smaller plants will receive much less light. They will also have more competition for water and nutrient from the soil as the trees begin to grow
- 143Name an instrument which can record environmental change over a few weeks B4A data logger - a computer attached to sensors
- 144What is the advantage for some predators to be camouflaged? B4So their prey find them more difficult to see. This means the predator can get closer to its prey before attacking. This makes them more successful at obtaining food
- 145An elephant has a small surface area to volume ratio. How will this affect the elephant in hot climates? B4It will transfer energy slowly. This is why elephants have a folded skin which increases the total surface area and its large ears will also transfer energy effectively
- 146A farmer plants some seeds in rows 10cm apart. The plants grow well. He wonders if he should plant them closer next year. Explain why this might not produce a better yield? B4When the plants are grown closer together there is more competition for light, water and nutrients. This means that individual plants may not grow as well an the overall yield is the same or lower
- 147Suggest why some animals in a desert spend all day in a burrow and come out at night? B4To keep cool/ stay out of the sun and to feed. they are also less easily seen by a predator
- 148Why is it difficult to interpret data about changes in the distribution of animals and plants? B4Loads of possible variables. Climate may be warmer but this might lead to other changes. E.g. if a plant flowers earlier in the year the insects that feed on it may not be around to pollinate the flowers. This could lead to a fall in the number of plants and also in the number of insects which would not be able to feed on the nectar
- 149Why are plants always a the base of the pyramid of biomass? B5.1Plants capture light energy and transfer it to chemical energy, they make food which is then eaten by animals. Plants start the process of energy transfer in living organisms
- 150Which process in cells releases energy from food materials? B5.2Respiration in cells releases energy from food
- 151Give an example of a detritus feeder B5.3Worms
- 152What is meant by a decomposer? B5.3Microorganisms that break down /digest waste materials from animals and plants or dead organisms
- 153Which process takes carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere? B5.4Photosynthesis
- 154Why do gardeners add worms to compost? B5.5Worms are detritus feeders and start the breakdown of the compost
- 155Suggest why councils shred garden waste before putting it into big bins? B5.5Smaller pieces have a larger surface area for the microorganisms to 'attack' this will increase the rate of decomposition
- 156What does the word 'biomass' mean? B5The mass of living material
- 157What is meant by 'organic waste'? B5Waste from living organisms containing compounds
- 158Which processes return carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? B5Respiration and combustion
- 159How can energy wastage be reduced in a food chain? B5Reduce the number of stages. Carnivores have less energy available than herbivores who only eat plants
- 160What is a sankey diagram? B5A type of graph with arrow shapes which shows total energy taken in and how it is transferred
- 161Why does a compost heap get hot? B5The energy from respiration heats up the surroundings
- 162Why do we normally eat herbivores rather than carnivores? B5There are less stages in the food chain. Eating plants is the most efficient way of feeding the world population, but if we want meat less energy is wasted by eating herbivores
- 163What do we mean by a stable community in terms of recycling of nutrients? B5The processes that remove materials from the environment are balanced by processes that return these materials. Materials such as carbon are constantly recycled
- 164When a calf eats grass, only about 30% of the material is turned into a new growth of the calf, what happens to the other 70%? B5There is undigested food in the faeces, urea is lost in the urine, the calf transfers energy to move around, the calf produces methane which is lost to the atmosphere, the energy released in respiration is eventually wasted heating the surroundings
- 165Where are genes found? B6.1In the chromosomes
- 166What do genes control? B6.1Genes control the development of characteristics
- 167Explain which type of reproduction produces genetically identical offspring? B6.2Asexual reproduction, because there is only one parent
- 168Explain which type of reproduction leads to a variation in the offspring? B6.2Sexual reproduction, because the offspring has genes from both the mother and the father
- 169What are the two factors that control some of our characteristics? B6.3The genes we inherit and environmental causes
- 170Name a quick, cheap way of cloning plants B6.4Taking cuttings from mature plants is a quick and cheap way of cloning
- 171Why is it more difficult to successfully clone animals than plants? B6.4Animal embryos must be split into groups of cells and then each group is transplanted into a host mother. there have to be enough hosts and some embryos may die during development. It also takes longer for the animals to develop
- 172Name the two cells needed in adult cell cloning B6.5An adult cell, such as skin cell, and an egg cell
- 173What is used to cut genes out of chromosomes? B6.6Enzymes are used to cut genes out of chromosomes
- 174Why do farmers grow GM crops? B6.7They will get a higher yield and therefore more money for their harvest
- 175How is genetic information passed from parents to offspring? B6The nucleus of gametes cells contains the genetic material which is passed from parent to offspring
- 176What is meant by a 'host' animal? B6A host animal is one in which a transplanted embryo develops
- 177How are calf embryos cloned? B6After sexual reproduction, a single embryo is produced. Before the cells specialise the embryo is split into several groups of cells. Each group is transplanted into a different host mother. The calves born are all genetically identical
- 178How long ago did life begin on Earth? B7.13 billion years ago
- 179What name is given to Darwin's theory of evolution? B7.2Evolution by natural selection
- 180Which birds did Darwin observe to find evidence for evolution? B7.2Finches on the Galapagos Islands
- 181Why do organisms show a wide range of variation? B7.3Variation is due to differences in their genes
- 182Why are mutated genes sometimes an advantage? B7.3If the environment changes the gene may control a characteristic which makes the organism better adapted to the conditions
- 183What are the main kingdoms of living organisms? B7.4Animals, Plants, microorganisms
- 184Why do biologists draw evolutionary trees? B7.4To show the relationships between organisms and whether they have common ancestors
- 185What is meant by evolution? B7The idea that organisms have developed from simple life forms and evolved over time
- 186What is the main difference between Lamarck's theory of evolution and Darwins Theory B7Lamarck suggested characteristics which develop during the lifetime of the organism could be passed on.
Darwin said that organisms with the best characteristics survived to breed and the offspring inherited the characteristic - 187Why did it take so long for Dawrin's theory to be accepted? B7Scientists didn't have enough evidence and didn't know about genes some people believed that God made all the animals and plants to look the way they did.
- 188Why do only some members of a population survive to breed? B7Organisms compete for things such as food or light if an organism is well adapted to it's environment it will survive. Poorly adapted ones die before they breed.
- 189Why is there variation between members of the same species? B7If the offspring are produced by sexual reproduction then the genes of both parents are inherited in different combinations when the gametes fuse.
- 190What is meant by the term survival of the fittest? B7This that are best adapted to their environment live long enough to breed the weaker ones may die before they breed.
- 191What is meant by natural selection? B7Organisms which are best adapted breed and pass on their genes to the next generation
- 192What is meant by the term species? B7Species are organisms which look very similar to each other and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
- 193Suggest three factors that could change in a habitat area causing problems for the organisms living there?Climate - it could become hotter, colder, wetter or drier
A new predator could move into the area
A new disease may affect the population
A new competitor for food - 194All species of living things have evolved from what? B7Simple life forms
- 195What are evolutionary trees? B7Models that can be drawn to show the relationships between different groups of organisms
- 196What are the main kingdoms of living organisms? B7Animals, Plants, microorganisms
- 197Learn the sequence (4 words) evolution B7Best adapted -> survive -> breed -> pass on genes
- 198Learn this sequence (6 words) Natural selection B7Mutation -> variation -> best adapted-> survival -> breed -> Genes passed onto offspring
- 199What does classification do? B7Helps us to understand evolutionary and ecological relationships
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- GCSE Biology Flashcards on Biology Unit 1-7 Flashcards , created by Mel Hughes on 09/04/2016.
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