Flashcards
Restless Earth
Cards in this deck (33)
- 1Characteristics of continental crustThicker and less dense
- 2Characteristics of oceanic crustThinner and more dense
- 3Describe a conservative plate margin2 plates are moving sideways past each other OR in the same direction but at different speeds
crust isn't created or destroyed - 4Describe a constructive plate margin2 oceanic plates moving away from each other
mantle is forced up to fill gaps, creating new crust
- 5Describe a destructive plate margin2 plates moving towards each other.
Either:
- Denser oceanic plate forced below continental plate (deep ocean trench, volc)
or
- Plates smash together and the land folds upwards (no crust destroyed)
- 6At which plate margin are fold mountains formed?Destructive and collision
- 7How are fold mountains formed?2 tectonic plates collide and sedimentary rocks between them are folded and forced upwards
- 8Name at least 2 facts about The Alps (e.g. where? tallest peak? population? when were they formed?)- Where: Central europe, including France, Italy, Austria, Germany, etc.
- Tallest peak: Mount Blanc
- Population: Approx. 12 million
- When formed: About 30 million years ago after collision of African/ European plates - 9Name the uses of Fold Mountains- Tourism
- HEP
- Farming
-Mining
- Forestry - 10Discuss farming in The Alps- Upland: used for goats, which provide cheese, milk, and meat.
- Lower down: Some sunnier slopes have been terraced to plant vineyards - 11Discuss HEP in The AlpsNarrow valleys damned to generate HEP
- Switzerland gets 60% of its electricity from this - 12Discuss mining in The AlpsSalt, iron ore, gold, copper, and silver, were all mined BUT this has declined dramatically because of cheaper foreign sources
- 13Discuss forestry in The AlpsScots Pine planted because it's resilient to the goats and the trees are logged to make things like furniture
- 14Discuss tourism in The Alps100 million tourists per year
In the winter: skiing, snowboarding, etc
In the summer: climbing, hiking, mountain biking, etc
New villages built because so many tourists - 15Discuss the limitations of fold mountainsSteep Relief
Poor soils
Limited communications - 16Discuss adaptations to steep relief in The Alps- Goats farmed because they are well adapted to steep mountains
- Trees and man made defences protect against avalanches and rock slides - 17Discuss adaptations to poor soils in The AlpsAnimals are grazed in high areas instead of growing crops
- 18Discuss adaptations to limited communications in The Alps- Roads have been built over passes (lower points between mountains)
EG Brenner Pass (Italy-Austria)
slow, can be blocked by snow
- Tunnels have been cut through rocks for fast transportation
EG Lotschberg Base tunnel, Switz - 19Name the different types of volcanoShield and Composite
- 20Name the characteristics of composite volcanoes- Made up of layers of ash and lava
- Lava is thick and slow flowing
→ Hardens quickly making a steep sides
-infrequent but violent eruptions
- 21Name one example of a composite volcano and one of a shield volcanoComposite: Mount Fuji (Japan)
Shield: Mauna Loa, Hawaii - 22Name the characteristics of shield volcanoes- Made up of only lava
- Lava is runny, quick flowing, and spreads over a wide area
→ Low, flat shape
-frequent but non violent eruptions
- 23Explain how to predict volcanoes- increase in eq activity
- gas monitoring stations
- tiltmeters on ground measure slight change in ground caused by magma
-GPS sats m'sure changes in ground
-laser beams measure change in distance of 2 beams (increase if magma swells) - 24When and where was the Montserrat eruption?June (25th) 1997
Soufriere Hills - 25Explain the causes of Montserrat eruption- On a destructive plate margin
- Magma rose up through weak points under Soufriere Hills and rock collapses, opening up vents - 26Name the primary impacts of the Montserrat eruption- 19 killed, 7 injured
- Schools, hospitals, the airport, and port destroyed
- Vegetation and farmland destroyed
- Over 2/3 of homes on island destroyed by pyroclastic flow - 27Name the secondary impacts of the Montserrat eruption✗ Population decline: 8000 of 12000 left
✗ Fires destroyed buildings e.g. police HQ
✗ Tourists stayed away and businesses destroyed
✓ Improved soil fertility
✓ NOW tourism increasing as they want to see the volcano - 28Name immediate responses to Montserrat eruption- Temporary infrastructure built
- Shelters built to house evacuees
- UK provided £17 million of emergency aid
- People evacuated from South to safe areas in North - 29Name long-term responses to Montserrat eruption- A risk map was created with an exclusion zone for the south of island
- UK provided 41 million to develop North
- Montserrat volcano observatory set up - 30Name the characteristics of a supervolcano- Have a caldera
- Cover a large area
- Flat
- Often has a ridge of higher land above it - 31Describe the differences between normal volcanoes and supervolcanoes- HUGE scale: erupts at least 1000km^3 of material
- Forms a depression called a caldera
- Erupts less frequently: eruptions are hundreds of thousands of years apart - 32What happens at collision plate margins?two continental plates collide
sediment and rock is pushed upwards forming fold mountains
- 33Name the predicted effects of a super volcano- Thousands of cubic km of rock, ash, and lava thrown out
- Thick cloud of superheated gas and ash will flow out at high speeds: this will destroy everything within tens of miles
- Ash will shot kms into air: this could block out the sun and trigger mini ice ages
Information
- Description
- Case studies I used: The Alps (a fold mountain range), Montserrat 1997 (a volcanic eruption), Haiti 2010 (an earthquake in a poor area), Chile 2010 (an earthquake in a rich area), Indian Ocean 2004 (a tsunami)
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- Liv Young
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- Created by Harriet Maxwell · Apr 30, 2016
- Copied by Liv Young · Apr 30, 2016
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