Flashcards
Epidemiology
Cards in this deck (41)
- 1Epidemicthe occurrence of a disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy
- 2Pandemican epidemic that spans a wide geographic area
- 3Epidemiologyconcerned with the distribution and determinants of health and disease, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in the population
- 4Key characteristics of epidemiologypopulation
distribution
determinant
outcomes
quantification - 5Populationall of the inhabitants of a given country or area considered together
- 6Distributionimplies that the occurrence of diseases and other health outcomes varies in populations, with some subgroups of the populations more frequently affected than others
- 7Determinantany factor that brings about change in a health condition or other defined characteristic
- 8Outcomesall the possible results that may stem from exposure to a casual factor
- 9Quantificationcounting cases of illness or other health outcomes
- 10Risk Factoran exposure that is associated with a disease, morbidity, mortality, or adverse health outcome
- 11Descriptive epidemiologyrefers to epidemiologic studies that are concerned with characterizing the amount and distribution of health and disease within a population
- 12Epidemiology aids with:Health promotion
Disease prevention
Alleviation of adverse health outcomes - 13Clean Dataset of data that is related and ready for data analysis
- 14Bar chartshows frequency of cases for each category of a categorical (discrete) variable
ex. gender, race - 15Histogramused for continuous data
ex. age, height, weight - 16Line graphused to display trends
ex. time trends - 17Pie chartcircle that shows proportion of cases of a disease %
- 18Proportiontype of ratio which the numerator is part of the denominator, may be expressed as a %
- 19Rationumerator / denominator
- 20%proportion that has been multiplied by 100
- 21Ratedenominator involves a measure of time
- 22Incidencerefers to occurrence of a new disease or mortality within a defined period of observation
- 23Incidence Rate# of new cases/ total pop. at risk X time period multiplier
- 24Population @ Risk# of people capable of developing the condition/ disease (NOT entire pop.)
- 25Prevalence# of existing cases of a disease/ condition
- 26Point Prevalence# of persons ill/ total # in group
at a point in time - 27Reference Populationpop. from which cases of a disease have been taken
- 28Crude Ratetype of rate that has not been modified to take account of any of the factors such as the demographic makeup of the pop that may affect the observed rate
- 29Crude Death Rate# of deaths in a given year
------------------------ X 100,000
reference population - 30Case Fatality Rate# of deaths due to disease "X"
----------------------------- X 100
# of cases of disease "X" - 31Vital Eventsrefer to deaths, births, marriages, divorces, and fetal deaths
- 32Reportable/ Notifiable Diseasesdiseases that must be reported to government agencies according to legal statute
- 33Registrya centralized database for collection of info about a disease
- 34Maternal Mortality Ratenumber of maternal deaths due to childbirth divided by the number of live births
- 35Infant Mortality# of infant deaths among infants aged 0-365 days during a year divided by the # of live births during the same year
- 36Fetal Mortalitydeath of the fetus when it is in the uterus and before it has been delivered
- 37Crude Birth Rate# of live births during a specified period of time per the resident population during the midpoint of the time period
- 38Health Disparitiesrefer to the differences in the occurrence of diseases and adverse health conditions among subgroups of the pop.
- 39Secular Trendsrefer to the gradual changes in the frequency of diseases over long time periods (eg. trends in yearly suicide rates)
- 40Cyclic (Seasonal) Trendsrefer to increases/ decreases in frequency of disease over a period of several years or within a year (seasonal pneumonia)
- 41Clusteringrefers to closely grouped series of cases of a disease with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time, place, or both