7300595
Description
Flashcards by Robin Connolly, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Robin Connolly
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Ancien Regime | French society and government before 1789 |
| Intendants | Officials directly appointed by and answerable to the crown who were mainly responsible for the police, justice, finance, public works and trade and industry |
| Generalities | The 34 areas into which France was divided for the purpose of collecting taxes and other administrative functions; each area was under the control of a intendant |
| Livres | France's currency (1 livre roughly 8p) |
| Tax farming | A system where the government agrees a tax assessment figure for an area, which is the collected by a company that bids for the right to collect it |
| Venality | The sale and purchase of certain jobs which could be inherited by descendents |
| Philosophes | A group of writers and thinkers who formed the core of the French enlightenment |
| Guild | Organisation that tightly controls entry into trade |
| Corvee | Unpaid labour service to maintain roads, money could be replaced with labour |
| Parlements | 13 high courts of appeal. All edicts handed down by the crown had to be registered by by the parliaments before they could be enforced as law |
| Diocese | An area served by a bishop, made up of several parishes |
| Plurality | The holding of more than one bishopric or Parish by an individual |
| Cahiers | Lists of grievances and suggestions for reform drawn up by representatives of each estate and presented to the estates-general |
| Versailles | The royal palace of the Bourbons and the seat of royal government built outside Paris by Louis XIV |
| Feudal dues | Financial or work obligations imposed on the peasantry by landowners |
| Bourgeouise | Middle-class urban dwellers who made a living through their intellectual skills or business practices |
| Serfdom | A system in which people were the property of the landowner |
| Artisan | A skilled worker or craftsmen |
| Sans-culottes | Literally 'those without knee-breeches' those who wore trousers and were classed as workers. Later used to identify the more extreme urban revolutionaries |
| Deficit | When expenditure is greater than income |
| Pays d'etats | Areas that had local representatives of all three estates that contributed to the assessment and collection of royal taxes |
| Estates-General | Elected representatives of all three estates of the realm. Only summoned in times of extreme national crisis |
| Notables | Rich, powerful individuals; the elite who controlled the political and economic life of France |
| Politicisation | A process in which people who were previously unconcerned with politics take an active interest in political issues which affect their daily lives |
| Marxist historians | Those who interpret the Revolution as part of Marx's analysis of history as a series of class-based struggles, resulting ultimately in the triumph of the proletariat |
| Revisionist historians | Those who reject Marxist analysis and provide a revised interpretation |
| Social interpretation | An emphasis on changes in society- population trends, social class - as having a significant impact on the revolution |
| Voting by order | Each estate votes separately on any issue. Any two estates together would outvote the third |
| Voting by head | Decisions taken by the Estates-General would be agreed by a simple vote with a majority sufficient to agree any policy. This favored the third estate, which had the most deputies |
| Conservatives | Those who did not want any reforms. They were deeply suspicious and skeptical for any social or political change |
| Liberals | Deputies who were far more tolerant of differing political views and who supported a measure of cautious reform |
| Primary assemblies | Meeting places for voters |
| Lettres de cachets | Sealed instructions from the crown allowing detention without trial |
| Popular movement | Crowds of politically active Parisians who periodically took to the streets to protest |
| Gardes-francaises | An elite royal infantry regiment, many of whom deserted to join opponents of the king in July 1789 |
| Journee | Day of popular action and disturbance linked to great political change |
| Citizens' militia | A bourgeoisie defense force set up to protect the interests of property owners in Paris. After the storming of the Bastille, it became the national guard |
| Menu peuple | Used to describe ordinary people living in towns |
| Emigres | People, mainly aristocrats, who fled France during the Revolution, many emigres joined foreign opponents of the Revolution |
| Counter-revoutionaries | Groups and individuals hostile to the revolution, who wished to reverse any changes it made at the earliest opportunity |
| Hoarders | Those who bought up supplies of food, keeping them until prices rose and then selling them at a large profit |
| Patriot party | A loose group of progressive reformers, mainly nobles and bourgeoisie, who wanted changes to the political structure - a reduction in royal power in order to enhance their own positions |
| Canton | An administrative subdivision of a department |
| Nationalised | Taken in to state control |
| Assignat | Bonds backed up by the sale of Church land that circulated as a form of paper currency |
| Suspensive veto | The right to delay a measure proposed by the assembly |
| Republic | A political system which does not have a hereditary head of state and where the supremacy of the people is recognized through mass democracy |
| Legislative power | The power to make laws. In an absolute system this power belongs to the Crown, while in a democracy it rests with elected representatives |
| Executive power | The power to make decisions relating to the government of a country |
| Decentralised | Decision making devolved from the center to the regions of a country |
| Constitutional monarchy | Where the powers of the Crown are limited by a constitution, aka a limited monarchy |
| Departments | On 26 February 1790, 83 new divisions for local administration in France were created to replace the old divisions of the ancien regime |
| Commune | The smallest administrative unit in France |
| Active citizens | Citizens who, depending on the amount of taxes paid, could vote and stand as deputies |
| Passive citizens | Approximately 2.7 million citizens who enjoyed the civic rights provided by the Declaration of the Rights of Man, but paid insufficient taxes to qualify for a vote |
| Laboureurs | The upper level of the peasantry who owned a plough and hired labour to work their land |
| Biens nationaux | The nationalised property of the Church as ordered by the decree of 2 November 1789 |
| State monopoly | A system whereby the State exercises total control over an industry and can set whatever price it wishes |
| Tax rolls | Lists of citizens who had to pay taxes to the state |
| Laissez-faire | Non-interference in economic matters, so that trade and industry should be free from state interference |
| Free trade | Trade without the imposition of taxes and duties on goods |
| Collective bargaining | Where a trade union negotiates with employers on behalf of workers who are members |
| Picketing | The practice of strikers trying to persuade others to join in |
| Guillotine | A machine introduced in 1792 for decapitating victims in a relatively painless way, became synonymous with the terror |
| Legislative assembly | Came into existence in October 1791 and was the second elected Assembly to rule during the Revolution. It differed from the National/Constituent Assembly in that all members were directly elected |
| Annates | Payments made by the French Church to the pope |
| National synod | An assembly of representatives of the entire church |
| Avignon | Territory controlled by the pope in southern France |
| Refractory priests | Those priests who refused to take the oath |
| Conscription | Compulsory military service |
| Physiocrats | A group of French intellectuals who believed that land was the only source of wealth and that landowners should therefore pay the bulk of taxes |
| Centralisation | Direct central control of the various parts of government, with less power to the regions |
| Insurrection | An uprising of ordinary people, predominantly sans-coulottes |
| Inflation | A decline in the value of money, which leads to an increase in the price of goods |
| Feuillants | Constitutional monarchists, among them Lafayette, who split from the Jacobin Club following the flight to Varennes |
| Alter of the fatherland | A large memorial to commemorate the Revolution |
| Martial law | The suspension of civil liberties by the State in an attempt to restore public order when there is severe rioting and mass disobedience |
| Self-denying ordinance | Members of the National Assembly were not permitted to stand for election to the new Legislative Assembly |
| Left | Those seated on the left of the speaker of the Legislative Assembly favoring extreme policies such as removing the King and having a republic |
| Right | Those seated on the right of the speaker of the Legislative Assembly and supporting a limited monarchy |
| Centre | Those who sat facing the speaker of the Legislative Assembly favoring neither left nor right |
| Girondins | A small group of deputies from the Gironde and their associates - notably Brissot |
| Parlementaire | Judges who held hereditary positions on one of the thirteen parlements |
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