Flashcards
Vocabulary Ch.3
Cards in this deck (18)
- 1Auxiliary verbs- a.k.a.: helping verbs
- can only help another v. to carry out its function
- can never stand alone
- 4 categories: be, have, do, modal auxiliaries (modals) - 2Be, have, do- have a dual role (can pose a problem in Eng.)
- aux.: when occur with another v.
- main verbs: when stand alone - 3Modals- can never stand alone (never main v.)
- 4Be (Aux)- most frequently occurring aux. in Eng.
-used as a function word to construct continuous tenses & passive voice - 5Be (main v.)- when main v.: a content word
- a.k.a. linking v.
- because it shows the elements on either side of it should be considered as 1
- can only occur in Type II verb phrase
- 6Agreement (BE)- subject must agree w/ aux. (that they concern 1 single entity)
- if subject is singular, then aux. must be singular
- if subject is plural, then aux. must be plural.
- if the subject is "I", aux. 'be' has its special form in present tense - 'am' - 7Time (BE)- present time: concerned w/ things that are happening / of interest now
- past time: concerned w/ things that happened / were of interest at some time in the past
- 8Have (Aux)- used as a function word to construct perfect tenses in Eng.
- 9Have (main v.)- main v.: becomes a content word
- generally means 'to possess'
- other meanings: 'limit of duration'
- only occurs as a Type I verb phrase
- 10Agreement & time (HAVE)- same as BE
- 11Do (Aux.)- has 3 basic functions
1. To show negation
2. To construct questions
3. For emphasis
- e.g. I do not have an apple [negation]
- e.g. Do you have an apple? [question]
- e.g. I did hand in her homework [emphasis]
- Emphasis: requires that 'do' receive main stress in sentence & that sentence show a situation involving a disagreement / an argument response to an expression of disbelief.
- 12Do (main v.)- when a main v.: content word
- generally means 'the performance / carrying out of something'
- only occurs as a Type I verb phrase (like HAVE)
- 13Agreement & time (DO)- Same as BE & HAVE
- 14Modals (WILL & CAN)- have no singular / plural forms
- e.g. A plant will die if you don't water it
- e.g. He can run faster than you
- WILL: indicates 'high probability'
- CAN: indicates 'ability' - 15Agreement (WILL & CAN)- problems with agreement that be, have, do have do not apply
- BUT some students may attempt to apply the rules of agreement for the other aux
- e.g. She CANS speak English
- so we are not concerned with the correct form, but the correct choice of modal - 16AUX w/o main verb- every aux. v. MUST be attached to a v.
- BUT there are certain situations when the main v. is 'understood'
- it can only be understood if it has already appeared (either in same S / S before)
- often occurs in making comparisons & contrasts
e.g. Mary cannot swim but John CAN.
[contrast]
(the v. 'swim' in 1st part of S is understood to be v. after 'can'; not necessary to restate)
e.g. Mary has finished her dinner, & John HAS too [comparison]
(not only is v. understood, but entire predicate / v. phrase)
*to not sound wordy / repetitious - 17Tutoring- 2nd language learning is a complex & delicate process
- motivation to persist can be easily damaged by -ve emotional experiences
1. Praise (focus on where mistake / error is)
2. Now... (draw attention to mistake / error) - 18Tutoring (AUX V)1. Correct SUB-AUX AGREEMENT (singular / plural)
2. Correct TIME (present / past / future)
3. Correct CATEGORY OF AUX (be / have / do / a modal)
*greatest prob.: agreement & time
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- Grammar Flashcards on Vocabulary Ch.3, created by Penelope Stewart on 22/01/2017.
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- Penelope Stewart
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