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Description
Flashcards by blueaweiss, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by blueaweiss
about 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Give 3 reasons for and 3 reasons against the statement 'the USA was a land of freedom' in 1945? | For (any 3) - 1) The economy is booming 2) Unemployment has decreased 3) Mass immigration 4) Relief (aid for black people provided by government) Against ( any 3) 1) Black men lynched 2) Mexican farm workers in poor conditions 3) AM Indians upset and protesting about oppression 4) White families - high standard of living Black families - low standard of living |
| Why is the US described as separate and unequal in 45? Give 4 | 1) Jim crow laws 2) lynching 3) Literacy tests for Black Americans wishing to vote 4) No blood sharing 5) Newspapers encouraging integration fined |
| What were Jim Crow laws? | A term used to describe segregation. All public facilities were segregated in the southern states. |
| What NAACP stand for and what did they do? | National association for the advancement of coloured people. An organisation that fought for African American Civil rights |
| Describe the situation for African Americans before during and after the war in the army? | Pre -less than 4000 black soldiers, the army was segregated, only two black officers During - Post 41' all armed forces open to African American, this caused an upsurge of one million black people to join, however it remained segregated After - Truman ended segregation of the army |
| What was the double V campaign? | Victory abroad and victory at home |
| What occurred just after world war two that helped black civil rights? but what were the limitations | 1) US charter on human rights passed - pressure on US 2) Fair deal policy to help Af/Am's find jobs 3) Truman raised civil rights as a national issue, passed a report attacking racial inequality 4) However Truman ideas were too radical for the south and he didn't achieve much |
| When was Brown Vs Topeka what happened and what did it achieve and why was it limited in its achievements? | In 1954 1) Father campaigned for his daughter to be able to go to a better white school 2) Supreme court rules segregated schools unconstitutional 3) Meant 300 000 Black kids went to White school but 2.4 million did not 3) 2.4 million did not as supreme court gave an 'ASAP' clause and the southern manifesto so south was able to resist |
| What happened and when at Little Rock? | In 1957 - 9 Af/Am's enrolled at little rock high - turned away by national guard - Elizabeth Eckford was abused particularly - Next day Fabus (the governor) takes national guard away and nine stopped by white mobbers - Eisenhower intervened and sent national guard/ paratroopers to protect 9 - Fabus then closed |
| What was the importance of Brown vs Topeka? give 3 for a thumbs up | 1) Gives hope to black community (president was overruled by the supreme court) 2) Confidence they can change laws 3) Gives AF/Am's better education 4) However it showed the resilience of south |
| What was the importance of little rock? ( give 3) | 1) President involvement shows civil rights no longer ignored 2) States could be overruled by federal law 3) Everything depicted in media (shows hypocrisy os US) 4) US citizens saw hatred |
| When and what was the Montgomery bus boycott? | 1954 1) Rosa Parks an NAACP activist refused to give up her seat on the bus for a white person and was arrested it 2) MLK the leader of the Montgomery improvement association got African Americans to boycott the buses (this lasted a year) 3)the bus company was almost lead to bankruptcy which lead to the supreme court ruling that segregated buses were illegal. |
| What was the importance of the Montgomery bus boycott? ( 4 ) | 1) MLK established as leader 2) Peaceful protest (sympathy gained) 3) Had huge media attention 4) Gave hope if all worked together changed could be made 5) Created solidarity and unity however change only came due to financial strain |
| What were the acts in 1957 and 1960? | 1957 -civil rights act - forbade anyone stopping AFAM's voting 1960- civil rights act - extended the earlier act giving more authority to judges and police to help protect voters |
| What were the positives and negatives of the civil rights acts of 57 and 60? | positives - AFAM's can vote easier, they can have an impact on the running of the nation, gave sense of belonging negatives - threatening / black mail and literacy tests continued, no one represented their cause (no one to vote for), voting only increased by 3% |
| When and what were the Greensboro sit in's? and what was the importance of it? | 1960- peaceful sit ins where Black and White people sat together at segregated food places ( started at a woolworth's in greensboro ) Importance - media, exposed south, gave confidence, showed change achievable, lead to many restaurants and food places becoming de-segregated |
| Who were the freedom riders and what did they do and when and what was their importance? | 1961 -(CORE - congress of racial equality) Checked to confirm that bus stations and terminals had been de segregated by taking the routes on bus. However in Alabama they were attacked. Importance : media, exposed south |
| Who were the: SCLC, SNCC (and when was this set up), CORE? | SCLC - southern christian leadership conference - MlK's church SNCC -1960 - student non violent co- ordinating committee CORE - congress of racial equality |
| Who was involved in, when was and what was the voter education project? | 1961 - SNCC CORE and NAACP met with Robert Kennedy and devised the voter education project which sent help to potential voters to overcome the literacy tests |
| What and when was the James Meridith case? | In 1962 Meridith was refused entry into Ole' miss due to racism NAACP took this to court ad won but Meridith was still denied admission. Kennedy then stepped in and Meridith became the first Af/Am at Ole' miss |
| What was the situation in Birmingham what happened and when was the march there? and what was the significance of it? | Public facilities closed, demonstrations were banned and Bull Connor was a racist police chief. In 1963 King lead a march about de- segregation in Birmingham. They were met with violence, dogs, water hoses, many arrests (like King) despite the fact kids were in the crowds and it was peaceful Important: Huge media, Kennedy involved to release King from Jail, showed American Hypocrisy |
| What was and when was the march on washington and what was the significance of it? | 200, 000 black and 50, 000 white people marched for a civil rights bill - 'I have a dream speech' Had huge worldwide media attention and gave huge confidence |
| What happened in 'Bombingham' in 1963 (after march on washington) | Church bombings kkk planted bombs in a church basement 4 kids killed, and 22 others injured - sparked violence from the Black community |
| What was the freedom summer of 1964? | The summer of 64' was known as the freedom summer as King and the SNCC continued to try and encourage AF/AM's to vote and by 66' more than 430,000 more were on electoral roll |
| What happened in terms of law in 64? | After Kennedy died in 63 LBJ took over and passed the civil rights bill which made it illegal for the government to discriminate in housing or employment |
| What act was passed in 65'? | Voting rights act passed (ended literacy tests and allowed inspection + assured federal monitoring huge surge of voters followed) |
| What happened and when in Selma? | 65, In Selma 383 out of 15000 AF/AM's able to vote -Though it was banned MlK lead march - turned violent and so he withdrew. It was labelled 'bloody sunday' by media. On the second march they turned back again as King agreed with Johnson that violence would not occur THe third march was successful and lead to the voting rights act |
| What was the march and Jackson and when was it? | James Meridith lead a march in 1966 labelled the 'march against fear' about the violence black people faced when trying to note |
| What was the Black Power movement? and when was it | Early 60's + Frustrated Black American promoted black empowerment: Self reliance, riots in 65', 'Black is beautiful' had own music style gave pride |
| Who was Stokely Carmichael | Leader of the SNCC believed in separation and other views of black power |
| What were Malcolm X's beliefs and what was his significance? | Rose to prominence in early 60's Influenced by nation of Islam (leader Elijah Muhammed) - who assassinated him in 65'. Beliefs : AF/AM unity, black pride, self reliance, self defence, independent state (until visit to Mecca) Importance : gave alternative to more militant or opposers of king, Gave pride however took way sympathy + no laws changed |
| What were the Black Panthers and when did they form? | 1966- Carmichael was PM, political party, founded by Bobby Seale and Harry Newton, Head of FBI called them a huge security threat and set up CO INTEL pro which tried to destroy the party through surveillance, infiltration spying etc |
| What was Jessy Jackson and the SCLC's operation breadbasket and what did it achieve and when was it? | 1962 - improved economic conditions by making supermarkets hire and stock black people and products |
| What were Martin Luther Kings main positives and negatives? | CR leader united Black and White peaceful marches but was slow and left black people as victims |
| What was achieved under Roosevelt? | (33- 45) 1944 Navy de segregated |
| What was achieved under Truman? | ( 45 -53) De segregated the army fair deal policy passed report attacking inequality due to south did not achieve much |
| What was achieved under Eisenhower? | (53 - 61) Rejected Brown vs Topeka - did not endorse Sent para troopers at little rock Civil rights acts of 57' and 60' |
| What were the successes and limitations of Kennedy? | (61 - 63) Success - 'The New frontier' social reforms and ideology supported CR's made a speech in 62', appointed first Black judge, published and worked with MLK, James Meridith case, Civil rights Bill encouraged and mainly written by him, Limitations - Rate of unemployment rate for Blacks remained at double the figure for whites, South blocked many reforms, |
| What were the successes and limitations of LBJ? | 63- 69 Great society- 'unconditional war on poverty', CR act of 64, voting rights act of 65', medicare, appointed first black supreme court judge, elementary education act, ended quotas for immigrants, increased minimum wage limitations - Vietnam, arguably CR acts went through due to sympathy for Kennedy, arguably wasted money on Medicare |
| What were the successes and limitations of Nixon? | 69 + Success 120 black mayors, almost all schools de - segregated, family assistance plan, however made racist comments and civil rights were not his priority |
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