World War 1 Flash Cards

Question	Answer
Total War	All the resources of a nation are used to achieve complete victory. (human, economic, spiritual, etc.)
Home Front	Where people produce war materials/food (not all that separate from battle front in this war)
Battle Front	Where the war is waged (not all that separate from home front in this war)
As the war goes on... (in terms of how country's output is handled during the war.)	Increasingly, the state has to take over, or at least control, production, imports and exports, and the allocation of resources- for instance, by rationing food and raw materials
What is needed for the war to continue? How is this achieved?	Total commitment: Propaganda.
End of total war?	No compromise for peace. War is fought until the enemy surrenders.
What does this commitment mean for the economy/ weapons?	Economic Warfare: Starving each other out. All production goes to war effort. All means of achieving victory become acceptable--bombing to destroy production, or just kill the people who are producing: xtreme weapons like gas.
Limits?	POWs kept. (instead of just slaughtering them) Usually done out of fear of enemy retaliation.
Examples of Total war?	WW1, WW2 Both wars asked every citizen to contribute to the war effort. There were more civilians killed in Germany than British troops.
Civil War	Wars are fought between people in the same country
How do Civil Wars end?	May have characteristics of a total war, but in practice few end in compromise with one side ﬁghting till it gets what it wants. Civil Wars in the 20th century have been fought with the same ferocity and involvement of international total wars.
Civillian v. Soldier (Civil War)	Not much. Line blurs, esp. since its against countrymen/brothers.
Govt. results of civil war?	Militarism of communities and the rise in power of a strong leader. Great civilian suffering and prolonged dictatorships.
Involvement of other countries in civil war?	Other countries intervene because of the favorable relationship the country will receive. (Chinese/Spanish special cases)
Where do civil wars come from?	-people in certain regions feeling oppressed or neglected - political divisions - different religious ideas in the county
Limited War	Contains a small number of participants.
Examples of limited war	India- Pakistan War (1947-48, 1965 and 1971) Britain vs Argentina over the Falklands (1982) Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)
Forms of War: Conventional War	Wars fought mainly with soldiers: fought with infantry
Forms of War: Siege	When the enemy cuts off supplies and strong points before attacking.
Forms of War: Open Order War	Where both sides move their forces until they meet in conﬂict.
Forms of War: Combined Armies	Armies that ﬁght using combined arms- infantry, vehicles (or cavalry), and aircraft.
Army Strategies?	-the main ﬁghting may be defensive or offensive - they may use different strategies- the whole concept and planning of wars and campaigns (overarching goals) - they may use different tactics
German Strategy in WW1	1914. Defend the Eastern Front and attack rapidly in the West. Offensive tactics: bringing up forces rapidly by railway, dividing its forces, and attacking rapidly with infantry supported by cannon. Defensive: use machine guns, barbed wire, and heavy guns to defend the lines
Guerilla War	Smaller group independently attack enemy anywhere possible including behind enemy lines. These groups can not achieve a massive victory, but could attack essential communication and supply lines and unsettle enemy forces. Sometimes these are conventional soldiers, sometimes group of civilians who have taken up arms (partisans). (Vietnam, Algeria)
Great War was between?	European countries and their empires. Austria-Hungary, Britain, France, Germany, and Russia were the imperial leaders.
War grows to include?	Japan, Italy, U.S, and the Ottoman empire.
What did the involvement of empires mean?	Vast empires guaranteed that the war was worldwide; all continents saw some ﬁghting. Fighting outside of Europe was a result of imperial possessions and the naval strength of European powers.
How were colonies involved?	There had been several conﬂicts between the Great Powers over colonial possessions. FR/GB;, RUS/GB; but despite near wars over colonial possessions, these guys aligned during the war. FR/GR had conflict over Alsace-Lorraine, North Africa. Russia had control in Asia that worried GB, Japan.
Britian's Beef with Germany?	Germany began building up a large navy;seen as a threat to British naval power. They also disliked Germany’s increasing involvement with the Ottomans.
Rivalry over trade	Throughout the 19th century all of the major European countries experienced a growth in industry and more became dependent on the production/export of manufactured goods.
Rivalry over trade cont.	Access to raw materials and markets oversees were important. To protect their industries, countries implemented protectionist measures. (except GB #fairtrade)
Conflict over trade	Japan and Korea went to war over Manchuria in 1904. In Africa, European countries scrambled for territory starting in the 1870s. GB’s desire for South Africa started the Boer War. France upset with Germany partially because of the loss of Alsace-Lorraine.
Militarism	After 1870, nearly all the European powers increased the size of their armies, the sophistication of their weapons, and the technology used to wage war. Developments in transportation meant that more railways could carry greater number of troops. Every country had detailed war plans.
Nationalism	Nationalism goes with militarism.There were longer periods of conscription and more praise for military values in schools, youth organizations. Yay Military sentiment pervades.
Mobilization	Larger forces mobilizing could be seen as declaration of war. Military leaders saw war plans as being very important--conﬂict was an option and it was a risk worth taking.
Alliances	Imperial rivalry, economic pressure, militarism, and nationalism all led to feelings of hostility, but what linked them was the network of alliances.
First Alliance?	Austria-Hungary and Germany. Then Italy joined. (Anti-French) Initially Russia was involved, but that was disbanded. RUS/GB/FR form their entente--less solid than other alliance.
Role of alliances?	Primarily defensive. (would only operate if a country was attacked.)
Role of entente?	Entente made the powers think as opposing sides and they made Germany feel encircled by enemies. It also meant when conﬂict wouldn't stay contained.
The Balkans	The Balkans were an area largely important to A-H, RUS. They were a largely Christian region that had broken away from the Ottoman Empire and become independent. The region was not stable--mix of nationalities within their borders. Situation became grounds for the rivalry between Russia and Austria.
Austria' Big Concern	Austria's biggest concern was that Russia might step in to help the nationalities in the Balkans. Austria was a Catholic empire who was ruling over Eastern Orthodox citizens who aligned closer to Russia.
Austria	The Austrian Empire was not a state but a collection of peoples and regions that owed allegiance to the Hapsburg Empire. The Austrian Empire was unique in that most of their subject people were European. It had also lost most of its empire to the other Great Powers in the 19th Century.
Austria, Cont.	Territory loss/Hungary dual monarch status, meant that every little piece of territory matters. Serious power worries.
Bosnian Crisis	Austria had occupied Bosnia-Herzegovina since 1878. In 1908, Russia agreed to let Austria annex it to their empire in return for allowing Russia access to the Mediterranean. In Oct 1908, Austria annexes Bosnia without honoring the agreement. This ticked off the Serbians in the territory and set off massive protests. Russia backed the protest. Germany backed Austria which forced the Russians to give up support of the Serbians and allowing Austria to annex Bosnia. This humiliated the Russians, stirred resentment in the Serbians, and encouraged the Austrians.
The Balkan War 1912-1913	Serbia was an independent country that posed a threat to Austria. It had gained independence in 1830 and grown. In 1912, Serbia joined Balkan League. With Turkey distracted by other wars, the Balkan League attacked in 1912 starting the Balkan War.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand	The immediate trigger: assassination. On June 28, 1914, the Heir to the Austrian Empire, Franz Ferdinand, and his wife Sophie were killed by a terrorist when visiting Sarajevo.
Austrian Response	Austria responded with a series of demands that Serbia perceived as compromising its independence. If they refused to meet them, Austria would invade. Austria depended on Germany for support, and the Serbians depended on Russia, who was also aligned with the French.
Escalation	Countries began mobilizing.Once the deadline for S meeting A’s demand passed, the danger of conﬂict was so great RUS mobilized. A called on G. G's plans included not only attacking RUS but also FR. So FR mobilized. When RUS refused to demobilize. G declared war on RUS. FR declared War on G. G plans involved invasion of BEL which brought GB in to defend their alliance.
The "Great War"	The war from 1914-1918 was conducted on a HUGE scale. - there were much larger armies - casualties were much higher - the whole population was involved - the state controlled the people and resources - weapons were more destructive, and more varied such as gas, ﬂame throwers, aircraft, huge artillery, and machine guns
Changes in Warfare	The industrial rev, growth of modern science and tech, larger populations, changes in transportation, the growth of mass communication, and the growth nationalism were all factors that changed warfare. The growth of industry allowed weapons to be produced on a mass scale. Armies could be raised, supplied, and transported. The whole nation could be involved in the war effort.
War Phase 1:The Schliffen Plan	The early war was dominated by the German Schliffen plan. It was Germanys plan to invade France quickly and knock them out of the war, while committing few troops to the east as Russia would take longer to mobilize.
Failures of the Schliffen Plan	1.By the time it was put into operation, Russian railways and organization had improved making their forces ready before Germany had anticipated 2. Railways could concentrate soldiers in one area, but after that, they had to march to battle. This meant they traveled further away from their own bases losing some of their advantages 3.Schifﬂen plan did not anticipate resistance from Belgium or entrance of British 4. Did not take into account Frances use of air force observation 5. Underestimated the impact of modern weapons Main issue was a fundamental misunderstanding of modern warfare. Victory would not be achieved by brilliant strategic moves or the fall of capitol cities. It would be achieved by destroying enemies in the ﬁeld.This plan ran into difﬁculties at the outset as their timetable broke down to Belgian and British resistance.
Russia and the Schliffen Plan	Another problem was the Russians mobilizing quickly, which meant troops had to go east and it weakened German numbers during the key push through Belgium. Also, decision was made to change plan and attack Paris from the East. French saw the movement through aircraft and were able to counter at the Marne River Valley, pushing the Germans back.
War Phase 2	The war entered a new phase. French attacks further south resulted in heavy casualties and prevented a German breakthrough. The German offensive ground to a halt. Russia invaded Germany but was unable to drive on Berlin. Austria's advance into Serbia had not been as rapid as they hoped. As war plans broke down, sides resorted to improvisation
War Phase 2 Cont.	In the west, each side tried to outﬂank each other by extending their lines in hopes of getting behind the enemy, racing to the sea, and extending the front line south. Each side struggled to gain the best positions, especially high ground. By Nov 1914, the war grounded to a stalemated halt in trench warfare. In the East, Germany employed traditional tactical warfare to expel the Russians. At Tannenberg and Masurin Lakes, Russian forces were outmaneuvered and encircled. The Russian failure was one of the greatest lost opportunities of the war and it cost the Russians. This led the Russians into a defensive position which meant the East turned to trench warfare
The War and Turkey	The War expanded to Turkey as the British chased two Germany ships to Constantinople. Turkey was traditionally pro British, but new govt. leaned Germany. (helped train their troops and they seemed more likely to help against Russia.)
The War and Japan	Japan took advantage of the defensive alliance it had signed with GB to declare war on Germany and overrun German colonies in Asia. So now oversees powers were involved. Campaigns were made against German colonies in 1915. Italy joined France and GB, with the promise of taking back Italian speaking areas under German control. Even though the war was spreading the decisive battles would be in Europe.
The Western Front	- Early ﬁghting showed defense was easier. New weapons such as machine gun had devastating effect on attackers - Once trenches were dug, barbed wire was used, and railroads brought more to the front lines attack became more difﬁcult - Troops were combined to small areas and faced off on small strips of land even though they had the capacity of the richest nations behind them - To Win, forces had to break through trench line, destroy opposing armies, and take strategic points to prevent another buildup - If a breakthrough could happen traditional methods such as calvary could be used
Problems with Trench Warfare	Commanders were faced with large concentration of enemy forces in developed trench lines, supported by heavy artillery, machine guns, mortars, barbed wire, and accurate long-range automatic riﬂes. The lines could not be outﬂanked and aircraft was not developed enough for bombing.The situation was more like siege warfare, and the battle front was more improvised. Plus trench life sucked.
Effective Plan?	The only real plan in 1915 was to use heavy artillery to inﬂict devastating damage on the enemy line, and then try to advance troops to gain control of the gap in the line and push forward. These attacks failed to achieve a major breakthrough. Heavy casualties continued from 1915 into 1916 with British attacks in Flanders, French attacks in Champagne, and German attacks in the east. Italy’s entry into the war opened new heavily defended lines, while Romania’s entry got it crushed. An attack on Turkey by the British in effort to knock them out of the war ended in trench warfare at Gallipoli, and an eventual British withdrawal. An example of the task it was to breakthrough was the battle of Somme in July of 1916. British and French forces faced well established German positions on the River Somme in France. The allies were anxious to breakthrough in an effort to relieve pressure on France and breakthrough to help the Russians. The British focused on a small part of the German lines, and even tunneled underneath them to set off explosives. Planning had been intense, and attacks were made in both the North and the South to divert the Germans. The attacks had well deﬁned objectives, troops were well briefed, troops had enthusiasm, and morale was high. Still, it was a failure.
British Problems	- German troops were to well dug in so it was impossible to destroy all of their defenses - There was no element of surprise. The Germans knew when the artillery bombardment stopped their would be an attack - British did not attack immediately, allowing German machine guns to be rushed to the front - the troops were essential amateurs, as many of the long serving professional soldiers had been killed in the initial ﬁghting - Churned up ground from shelling and barbed wire forced attacking British troops to be bunched together - There was no effective radio communication between commandeers and troops which meant moving troops to weak points was very difﬁcult - The Germans were able to bring up support of troops and artillery from the rear, while the British could not communicate to have that happen. Really the only success, was the diversionary attacks in the South against unprepared German troops. Every where else little was achieved except heavy casualties. Modern technology was enough that troops could not overcome it with bravery alone, although tech was not developed enough to break the deadlock
German Advantages	- Germany had advanced well into Russia - German u-boats posed a serious threat to British shipping and supply lines - The British and French had failed to achieve a single breakthrough - Italy had joined the allies but made little progress in attacking Austria - Britain had failed to eliminate Turkey by attacking at Gallipoli
German Advantages	In 1916, the Germans decided to concentrate on the Western Front. In theory, the strongest point here was the fortiﬁed area in and around Verdun. It was here that the Germans decided to attack in an effort to bleed the French by drawing troops into battle.
Turning Tide	The Battle of Verdun began with unexpected German success, lasted most of the year, and cost the Germans almost as many lives. When Britain counter attacked, this became a long drawn out battle that gained little ground and had many die. A promising Russian advance ended at deadlock, and the naval battle between the British and Germans also ended in deadlock.
The War at Sea	Germans attack Allied shipping lanes. Then they shift focus ti U-boats. There is a temporary break in sub warfare after the sinking of the Lusitania. The ensuing battle of Jutland ended with both sides going back to base.
US Entrance	The German recommenced unrestricted sub marine warfare in 1916 in an effort to stop British trade with the US. This backfired, and the US got involved.
War in the Air	In 1914, the use of planes was limited to reconnaissance. The Germans began using planes to drop bombs as early as 1914. From this all countries developed things to shoot down planes, aircraft production sped up. The poorly armored planes were vulnerable and casualties were high. As machine guns were mounted on planes, bombing capacity increased, the potential for aircraft as weapons of war increased, as did the number of planes.
Changes in 1917	Issues at home drew Russia out of the conflict and the US got involved.
Russia	In Russia, the disappointments of the campaigns of 1916, the shortages causes by poor management of the war, and large demonstrations in the capital led to the czar Nicholas abdicating the throne in Russia. Germany mailed Vladimir Lenin back to Russia (in a locked train car). By March of 1918, Russia withdrew from the war. Russia’s collapse put considerable pressure on Britain and France .
US	Reinstitution of German unrestricted sub warfare and the discovery of the Zimmerman telegraph brought the US into the war.
War in 1918	US forces were small but the country’s manpower and industrial potential was huge. With America preparing and a mutiny in the French army, the war turned in to a battle between the Germans and the British. Throughout 1917 the British tried to break through Germans lines but they ﬂoundered. The allies even lost territory in Italy. The only place the British gained ground was the Middle East By early 1918, the Germany had transferred large forces to the West. The British and French forces were week and the Americans were inexperienced, so the Germans went on the offensive The Germans had success through the arrival of large forces. The offensive began to stall because of the lack of the German forces who died. The industrial might of the British and the US now began to kick in. The German attack stalled and the allies counter attack with fresh American troops, large number of tanks, sophisticated artillery, and artillery The defeat of the Germans at Amiens in august 1918 became the turning point in the West.
Implications of Technology in the war	The industrial rev transformed both weapons and the state. The main developments lay in the speed and accuracy with which riﬂes and artillery could ﬁre. The deadliest development was riﬂed artillery which could ﬁre longer distances, more rapidly. Cannons! The shells could even be packed with explosives for more devastation. The huge advances in science and engineering mean more destructive weapons, mass production of steel turned these designs into a reality, and the emergence of huge factories meant weapons were mass produced.
New Tech	A major development was the machine gun. This could ﬁre hundreds of rounds from long distances, and it produced less smoke which made it easier to spot troops over open ground. Naval technology had also progressed rapidly after 1815. The age of sail gave way to the age of steam. Ships had large guns with steel platting. Modern European ships devastated older navies which allowed European Empires to expand. Military aircraft were used at ﬁrst for reconnaissance, but then they were used to make surprise attacks. Another development was the tank (ﬁrst used in 1916). However, it did not lead to the breakthrough that was hoped for as no side possessed a wonder weapon and both relied on similar weapons.
The Home Front	In a total war, there is less distinction between the actual ﬁghting fronts and the home front. The demand for weapons and men at war meant that women had to go to work. By the later stages of the war, women were also in uniform. While not on the front lines, the work women did in the war was a strong impetus towards greater women’s political rights and the right to vote in several countries National enthusiasm played a part in bringing about the war and it was necessary to sustain the enthusiasm when the conﬂict proved to be longer and more costly than expected. Propaganda was often effective in rallying morale. Censorship stifled anti-war feelings gaining prominence, and conscientious objectors could face persecution. The war increased the power of the state in most countries. Taxes rose, communications were controlled, goods requisitioned and men conscripted.Maintaining the home front became a major aspect of ﬁghting the war. Bombing brought the war to civilians. The scale of casualties as well as the economic hardships endured on the home front brought the war to the people in a way that they never had before. Naval blockades and the use of horses and manpower also mean their was food shortages with Britain implementing rationing.
Russian Revolution	The Greatest Political Challenge During the War was the Russian Rev of 1917. The heavy casualties, shortage of food, and decision of the czar to command his own forces (therefore taking the blame for their failures) This caused Czar Nicholas to abdicate to a provisional government which chose to stay in the war, creating even more discontent. The one group that supported peace was the Marxist Party called the Bolsheviks led by Lenin Lenin’s group gained support and got Russia out of the war with the Treaty of Brest Litovsk
World Powers after the War	The Great powers that entered the war did not all survive - Germany saw the abdication of the Kaiser in Nov 1918 and the start of the ﬁrst lasting republican democracy in Germany - The Russian Rev ended the the parliamentary gov and established the ﬁrst communist state which was in existence till 1991 - The Austro-Hungarian Empire fell apart at the end of the war. Instead of preserving the monarchy, the war brought about its downfall - the French Republic survived, but it faced increasing instability leading up to World War 2 - the British empire survived but it faced increasing nationalism abroad and social unrest at home.
The War and Politics	The War brought about the growth of the political left in the victorious powers which was meant by a counter movement from the political right. In Italy, a right wing dictatorship emerged from 1922 mostly from the post war discontent. A nationalist, right wing state emerges from Germany in 1933 because of the discontent from the war. The defeat of Turkey inspired a revolt in their homeland which led to a new, secular, reforming regime under Kemal Ataturk, a military commandeer
Alliance Leaders	Of the leaders in WW!, Czar Nicholas was murdered, Kaiser Wilhelm was exiled to Holland, Ottoman ruler Mehmed VI was overthrown, and the Austrian-Hungarian emperor Karl I was forced to abdicate while watching his empire be split up
Entente Leaders	Failure also awaited the democratic wartime leaders: In the US, the US Congressional elections went against Wilson and the Treaty of Versailles got caught up in the ensuing �attles. In Italy, political power went to a new nationalist party and the parliamentary system came to an end. The British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, was forced from ofﬁce in 1922, and his party the Liberals suffered a long decline
Treaties	Germany signed an armistice in 1914, but they did not expect to have terms imposed on them as if they unconditionally surrendered. That what happened with the treaty of Paris. The Treaty of Versailles was formed after long talks between the allies with different agendas. The French wanted revenge and security, the British desired imperial gain, the US wanted peace and future cooperation and trade. Italy and Japan wanted territorial gains
Treaties 2	The other Central Powers signed treaties of their own. With only Turkey rebelling and forcing a renegotiation at Laussane in 1923 The Map of Europe was transformed by the peace treaties, as the nationalities of Europe struggled to form independent states. In 1914, there were some small states but Europe was dominated by the great powers. By 1919, there were many more small independent states
Treaties 3	Some countries had the the support of the victorious powers and gained their dream of independence: a new Poland; a new Czech State; and the new states of Lativa, Lithuania, Estonia, and Finland freed from Russian control. This is because the allies ﬁgured lands taken from Russia by Germany were free to redistribute
Treaties 4	The Southern Slavs got the federation of Yugoslavia Turkey became a moderated state and lost most of their land in the Middle East Italy gained most of the land it wanted, but not all. There were still Italians living under Austrian, German, and Yugoslav rule Austria and Hungary became independent, but they only ruled over small states Russia found itself isolated behind small independent states and accepted that its post war situation of weakness and loss was permanent Germany lost lands to the east and Alsace Lorraine in the West. It was physically divided by Polish land, and it lost Belgium, Denmark, and all their oversees colonies Japan only ruled over new territory it gained in China as a trustee and had to report to the League of Nations. Japan gave up territorial it had made after the Russian Rev. The Us forced Japan to give up its alliance with the British and sign a pact to maintain the territorial status quo in Asia. It also required Japan to have a smaller Navy then the British and the US.
Losing Powers	Thus Russia, Germany, and Japan saw themselves as losing powers. Other losers were minorities in the new independent states with the new leaders of the countries often discriminating against ethnic minorities With Austria Hungary broken up, with Russia outcast, and Germany defeated and humiliated, there was a vacuum of power at the heart of Europe. When Germany became strong and Russia had recovered, there was bound to be a struggle to alter the new balance of power.
Postwar Economic Changes	The trading networks of pre 1914 world were dislocated by war, with their blockades and economic disruption. The heavy war spending and currency manipulation led to inﬂation. Direct war damage caused economic problems, overseas investments were sold to pay for the war, the economies of the powers had been turned over to war and for production, marginal land was put into cultivation. The loss of men meant a shortage of labour, and more women entered the workforce Economic power shifted to the US and Japan as they were able to take advantage of the war to increase proﬁts and gain a greater share of the markets. The US had such huge proﬁts after the war that they came to dominate money markets, and the US became the key ﬁnancier of the Allied Powers
Postwar Agriculture/Industry	The World had to move from war time production to the less demand of peace. The problem was that so much land had been put into cultivation, that supply became much greater than the demand. The Ag instability is a key factor of the inter war years period and causes political instability and hardship. The Increased demand for heavy industries dropped off after the war leaving businesses facing falling proﬁts and sales. Problems were made much worse by the people who were in these industries facing unemployment.
Postwar Social Changes: Women	The war meant more women had to come to the workforce. With the change it became increasingly harder to justify that women lacked the strength and ability of men to make a difference in the work world. Without participation in the war, it would have been more difﬁcult for women to gain the right to vote and greater social equality The war brought freedom and mobility for women, who often moved away from home and lived as independent workers, enjoying a degree of social and sexual freedom that would have been difﬁcult in pre war years. Much of the new freedom did not carry into peacetime, but it was hard to turn back the clock.
Postwar Social Changes: Working Class	Their participation in major wartime industrial production was so vital that after the war they were able to exert more bargaining power as the workforce grew and changed . Migration to urban centers was common. In Russia there was a big inﬂux of peasants in the cities. In the US, African American workers migrated North to northern factories. In Britain trade membership doubled. It Italy worker moved to the Northern factories In Russia the revolutionary ideas were apparent, but they had spread through out Europe. Italy experienced a wave of strikes and the growth of the socialist movements. In Germany, the ruling party the Social Democratic Party crushed the more extreme socialist groups. In Britain large scale strikes culminated in the ﬁrst General strike. In France, a post-war society was polarized between right and left.
Postwar Social Changes: Liberalization	The idea of a fairer society Encouraged by War propaganda, there was a dream of a new society in which war would not be needed and justice would prevail. The comradeship of the the trenches had brought the classes together The growth of industries brought greater urbanization, which eroded traditional class barriers and reduced the distinction between town and country. Russian communism, Chinese Marxism, Nazi nationalism, and Italians fascism believed in a corporate state in which all classes and sectors of the economy worked together. The British Labour Part’s socialist program and the Japanese belief in working together on behalf of the god emperor all were part of the movement sometimes known as 1919- ism in which the old capitalist, imperialist, and class ridden societies seemed outdated Prohibition in the US was part of this desire for social change and for new standards. On the other hand, violent anarchism and frantic pleasure-seeking were also reactions of the war. This was evidenced by the new morality in the 1920’s. In the US, this meant the new ideals of the 20’s
Postwar Changes: The Arts	In the arts, the post war era was more daring and experimental, though often developing the work of pioneering creative artists from before 1914. The Russian Rev led to daring and highly expressive art, music, and literature Post war audiences sought more novelty, less rigidity Possibly mirroring societal ideas, the arts became very fragmented. Some artist developed Neo-Classicism, some developed intense expressionism, and others developed formalism
Wider Implications of WW1	The post war communalism was extended to the League of Nations which was formed in 1920 with a permanent headquarters in Geneva. The League went a long way to the dream of a world wide parliament, but it had no standing army and powers of the world such as the US, Russia, and Germany (until 1926) were not members There were several treaties following the war, all we covered in the last unit. Also, there were several disarmament conferences that we have already also covered Many countries had peace organizations like the League of Nations Association in Britain. The Russians revived the international conference of socialist parties. There was an interest in Pan-Africanism (a movement to unite Africans and encourage a sense of identity. In the US, start to see ﬁrst steps towards civil Rights with NAACP A popular idea in some Catholic countries was corporatism- the belief that social harmony could arise if all economic life came together to plan progress and avoid conﬂict. This was put into effect in Italy when the state brought together workers representatives with the government to discuss economic matters A less positive form of communal activity was the formation of nationalist and racialist groups. Japan saw a new communal interest in traditional emperor based culture. In Italy, facisim put the nation before its inhabitants The most dominant racial community theory emerged in Germany with the national groups pushing the idea of the pure Aryan race. The war did not create these ideas but the discontent afterwards helped popularize them.�imilarly, the war helped spread the communist ideals of Russia to China and other places in the East. It also pushed those ideals to certain groups in Spain, Britain, and France . In practice, reforms and reconstruction were not implemented in such a way to fulﬁll all hopes and dreams. Economic problems prevented large scale reforms, and traditional attitudes reasserted themselves. Countries put there own interest before internationalism and dictatorships were common. Voting Rights were given to women in most countries, but equality remained a long way off
WW1 on Empires	The Great Powers needed people from their empires to ﬁght in the war, and they were considered essential for the support from the homeland. For many this meant increased travel and more contact with the mother country In some cases, (Austria-Hungary, Turkey Russia), the war actually weakened the mother countries ability to control their subjects With Russia after the war, communism proved to be a means of controlling nationalities, and the empire was born in a different form Britain and France faced unrest in their empires too. Most notable was the emergence of a strong independence movement in India led by Gandhi. The British also faced arm resistance in Ireland which does not gain independence until 1949 The Greatest impact of the war on future international issues emerged in Palestine. Pushed by the Zionist movement, the British and the Us promised a Jewish homeland in 1917. In 1920, Palestine was given to the British as a mandate. The British promised the eArabs that they would not have to live under Jewish rule as more Jews moved back to the homeland. This however caused clashes which the British had to intervene in. After WW2, Palestine was given to the UN as a mandate which established the state of Israel in 1948.
Balkan War, cont.	There were militant anti-Austrian groups in Serbia. The Success of the Balkan League made the great powers nervous and a treaty was negotiated, but some of the Balkan states were unhappy with the terms. This friction led to more war as the Bulgarians declared war on Serbia and Greece but was defeated. The territorial changes saw an expansion of Serbia into the Kosovo region and Macedonia, saw Turkey expelled from Europe, Austria demanding Albania to restrict Serbia’s access to the Adriatic Sea, Bulgaria defeated and turning to Austria instead of Russia as an ally. Left Austria seeing Serbia as a threat, Russia needing a good relationship with Serbia, Nationalist feelings in Serbia against Austria high, and Germany supporting Austria.
Balkan League Members?	Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, and Montenegro in the Balkan League; goal of driving the Ottomans from Europe
Serbian Nationalists	Serbians in Bosnia had resented Austrian rule of the area and they wanted to see Bosnia join Serbia. Several terrorist groups worked for this goal and the Black Hand Secret Society went to Sarajevo to kill Ferdinand. The ﬁrst attempt failed, but a wrong turn by the driver gave Gavrilo Princip another chance and he shot Ferdinand and his wife.
Introduction of trenches	Once positions were established troops dug trenches, which became more developed as supplies came to the front line. The result of long fortiﬁed lines with both sides putting large number of troops in trenches and surrounding them by defenses such as barbed wire was not something planners anticipated and lead to a new form of warfare.

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World War 1 Flash Cards

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