769527
Description
Flashcards by gina_evans0312, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by gina_evans0312
about 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Use | The disposal of excess NH4 groups, which are gained when aa are broken down for their carbon skeletons |
| Location | Liver and Kidneys |
| (1) Carbamoyl Phosphate Sythetase 1- Reaction | HCO3 + NH4 + 2ATP --> 2ADP + Carbomoyl Phosphate |
| (1) Carbamoyl Phosphate Sythetase 1- Location | Mitochondria |
| (2) Ornithine Transcarboxylase- Reaction | Carbamoyl Phoshate + Ornithine --> Citrulline |
| (2) Ornithine Transcarboxylase- Location | Mitochondria |
| (3) Addition of the 2nd NH4- NH4 Donor | Aspartate |
| (3) Addition of the 2nd NH4- Reaction | NH4 + ATP + Citrulline --> AMP + PPi + Arginosuccinate |
| (4) Arginosuccinate to Fumarate | Arginosuccinate is converted to fumarate, which is taken to the TCA cycle |
| (5) Fumarate to Urea | Fumarate is converted to Arginine, then to urea, the excess of which is sent to the blood for excretion |
| (6) Completing the cycle | Some urea is converted to Ornithine, for conversion to citrulline |
| Steps 3-6 Location | Cytosol |
| NH4 Sources- Glutamate Dehydrogenase | Liberates the NH4 from gluatamte depending on the cells energy status |
| NH4 Sources- Glutamate Dehydrogenase Control | Increased NAD+, ATP & GMP indicate a cell starved of energy and speed the process (the opposite reverses it) |
| NH4 Sources- Glutamate Dehydrogenase Reaction | Glutamate --> NH4 + Alphaketoglutarate |
| NH4 Sources- Glutamate Dehydrogenase Location | The liver and kidneys |
| NH4 Sources- Glutamate Dehydrogenase Products | Alpha-ketogluarate goes to the TCA, the NH4 to the urea cycle |
| NH4 Sources- Aspartate Transaminase Role | Creates aspartate from glutamate (aspartate provides the 2nd NH4) |
| NH4 Sources- Aspartate Transaminase Location | Highest levels in the liver |
| Glutamate Generation- Role | Since Glutamate provides the first NH4 (through being broken down) and the 2nd (through conversion to aspartate) so maintaining high levels is important |
| Glutamate Generation- Methods | 2 |
| Glutamate Generation- Location | Liver and Kidneys |
| Glutamate Generation- Method 1 | Transamination using aminotransferases and alpha-ketoglutarate |
| Glutamate Generation- Method 1 Products | Glutamate, with others depending on the amino acid substrate (i.e. Asp --> OAA = TCA cycle) |
| Glutamate Generation- Method 2 | Direct conversion, with mechanics specific to each amino acid |
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