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Flashcards

Participant Observation

Arijeta Nikocevic English 69 cards

Cards in this deck (69)

  1. 1Participant ObserverWhen researcher becomes part of the participant group
  2. 2Contrived ObservationArranging a setting to specifically facilitate a particular behaviour
  3. 3Naturalistic ObservationObserves in a natural setting as inconspicuous as possible
  4. 4Controlling for Participant InfluenceMust ensure behaviours are not influenced by researcher
  5. 5Controlling for Subjective InterpretationsMust ensure behaviours are judged in a consistent way such as precategorizong behaviours
  6. 6Quantifying Observations: Duration MethodHow much time spent on a specific behaviour
  7. 7Quantifying Observations: Frequency MethodHow many times the behaviour happens
  8. 8Quantifying Observations: Interval MethodDivide obsv. period into intervals and record whatever behaviour happens in each interval
  9. 9Questions: Open EndedAllows participants full freedom in response
  10. 10Questions: RestrictiveRestricts response by giving a limited number of alternatives
  11. 11Questions: Rating ScalesRespondents choose numerical value on a predetermined scale
  12. 12Selecting Participants: Idiographic ApproachIntensive examination of a single person by observation, interview, self report
  13. 13Selecting Participants: Clinical psychologyExamine outcome of individual patient through history current behaviour and changes in behaviour
  14. 14Case Study: Rare & Unusual CasesRare forms of psychopathology make it impossible to gather a group
  15. 15Case Study: CounterexamplesDetailed description of the individual to show an exception to a rule
  16. 16Case Study: DisadvantagesSelection bias, no generalizability, subjective
  17. 17Correlational StrategyTo study the relationship between two or more variables
  18. 18Limits of Correlational: Directionality ProblemAssuming causation
  19. 19Limits of Correlations: Third Variable ProblemWhen two variables tend to be related to each other but there is another unknown variable that is the real source
  20. 20Predictor VariableX Variable, thought to explain variation in other variable. Like the IV
  21. 21Outcome/Criterion VariableY Variable: explained by predictor variable, like the DV
  22. 22Method of TenacityHolding onto ideas and beliefs simply because they have been accepted as facts for a long time or as superstition
  23. 23Method of IntuitionBelieving something bc it feels right
  24. 24Method of AuthorityRelying on info from an expert in subject area
  25. 25Method of FaithUnquestioning trust in authority figure
  26. 26Empirical MethodUse direct sensory info to obtain knowledge
  27. 27The Scientific MethodFormulating specific questions and systematically finding answers
  28. 28The Scientific MethodObservation, hypothesis, logical prediction, empirically tested with systematic observations, new hypothesis, cycle continues
  29. 29Theory ConditionsParsimonious(explains a lot with few concept)
    Precise
    Testable
  30. 30Hypothesis ConditionsLogical
    Testable
    Refutable
    Positive
  31. 31Applied ResearchSolve a particular problem
  32. 32Basic ResearchUnderstand a particular phenomena
  33. 33Why Do We Take Measurements?Comparison
    Classification
    Prediction
    Program Evaluation
    Diagnosis
    Decision-Making
  34. 34ConstructsPresumed unobservable internal mechanisms that account for externally observed
  35. 35Construct ValidityWhen a measurement of variable behaves same way as variable itself
  36. 36Concurrent ValidityExtent which a measure relates to other existing measures of same construct
  37. 37Predictive ValidityWhen measurement of construct accurately predicts behaviour
  38. 38Convergent ValidityCreating two different methods to measure the same construct and showing they have related scores showing they join on the same construct
  39. 39Divergent/Discriminant ValidityMeasuring both constructs and showing that there is little or no relationship between the two measurements
  40. 40Face ValidityDoes it look valid?
  41. 41Internal ValidityHow closely experimental design follows cause and effect
  42. 42External ValidityExtent to which results can be generalized to population
  43. 43Reliability ErrorsObserver error
    Environ. changes
    Participant Changes
  44. 44Test-Retest ReliabilityComparing scores from two Successive measurements
  45. 45Measurement Error Comes From...The participant
    The instrumentation
    The testing environment
    Experimenter bias
  46. 46Acting ethically requires...Balance the value of advancing knowledge against the value of noninterference in the lives of others
  47. 47Numerberg CodeA result of atrocious nazi experiments, foundation of ethical guidelines used today for research
  48. 48Belmont ReportRespect of Persons: consent
    Beneficence: minimize risk, max benefits
    Justice: fairness in procedures for selecting participants
  49. 49Tri-Council StatementRespect for persons
    Concern for welfare
    Justice
  50. 50CPA 2000Respect for Dignity
    Responsible caring
    Integrity in Relationships
    Responsibility to society
  51. 51Overlap with NurembergNo harm, deception, competence, informed consent
  52. 52Animal Research APAProper care, abide by laws, handlers must be properly trained, minimize pain discomfort, justified by scientific value
  53. 53Proportionate Stratified SamplingDeliberately sampling to ensure prop. Of subgroup in sample is same as in population
  54. 54Multistage SamplingRandom Sampling at several stages: uni/department/professor
  55. 55Cluster SamplingRandomly select groups instead of individuals
  56. 56Probability SamplingNeed all population
    Selection unbiased and random
    Exact size of population known
  57. 57NonProbability SamplingPopulation size is unknown. Selection is biased, odds are unknown
  58. 58Stratified SamplingDividing a population into subgroups and selecting a random sample from each stratum
  59. 59Convenience SamplingSelect on basis of accessibility and convenience
  60. 60Purposive SamplingSelecting based on characteristics relevant to research question
  61. 61Quota SamplingIdentified relevant categories of people
  62. 62Snowball MethodAsking ppl to recommend others they know
  63. 63Multiple Treatment InterfaceCarry over effects from first treatment
  64. 64Novelty EffectNew situation elicits artificial responses
  65. 65Pretest measures canDesensitize patient
  66. 66Confounding VariablesAny additional variable in a study not being measured but changes systematically along with the variables being measured
  67. 67Environmental VariableAny characteristic in the physical environment that differs between treatment conditions
  68. 68IndividuAl differencesCharacteristics of individuals that differ from person to person
  69. 69Threats to internal Validity:Any factor of the study that allows for an alternative explanation of results

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Description
When researcher becomes part of the participant group
Created by
Arijeta Nikocevic · Feb 2017
Updated
Feb 28, 2017
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