831757
| Question | Answer |
| Self Reports | Things people say about themselves |
| Adv. of Self reports | Who knows better than themselves. Good for internal beliefs, attitudes, emotions. Easier & more efficient than observations of the person, other people's reports or neurophysiological indices |
| DisAdv. of Self reports | Awareness/Memory (no memory then no report), Response set/bias (self-censoring), format of the question (yes/no, open Q), Sample bias, Analysis (mean group differences or associations?) |
| Yes/no format in Qnnaires. | Not very sensitive, rarely used. May be used for those unable to answer more complicated questions, i.e. children. |
| Fill-in-the-blank | Hard to code answers thus usually coded as categorical data, but more sensitive as it is more open ended. |
| Multiple Choice | Easier to code than fill-in-the-blank and less overwhelming, but still more sensitive than yes/no. Not used very often. |
| Likert Scale | Sensitive, used a lot. Can be even or odd numbered, usually between 5 and 9pts. Sometimes requires "don't know" option. Need reasonable appropriate scale points (no one sleeps 0-2hrs a night) |
| Avoid: Complexity | keep Qs clear, simple, and understandable. |
| Avoid: Technical Terms | If you use them, Define them |
| Avoid: Ambiguity | Don't write Q's with more than one interpretation |
| Avoid: Double-Barreled Q's | Questions with two clauses, e.g. "should we spend money on education and defence?" |
| Avoid: Negatives & Double Negatives | Evenly and randomly distribute negative worded and postively worded Q's |
| Avoid: Emotive Language | Avoid inflammatory language, e.g. "Lazy," "Stupid." |
| Avoid: Leading Questions | Don't write Q's which are hard to disagree with, e.g. "We should improve the lives of Nzders." |
| Avoid: Unnecessary Invasions of Privacy | Don't be judgmental, avoid sexuality, or illegal drugs where possible as they may be too invasive. |
| Avoid: Sensitive Topic with young people when possible | Suicidal Ideation, Perhaps asking about it encourages it? Same with graffiti, drugs, & sexual behaviour |
| Unusual Formats: Visual Analogue Scales | like a temperature scale (not discrete), maybe more sensitive |
| Unusual formats | Becks Depression Inventory, Smiley-Frowney Faces, Graded Boxes. |
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