Flashcards
Physio Psych II
Cards in this deck (111)
- 1Criteria for a NT1. must be found in neuron
2. must be released from term. button bc of AP
3. cause IPSP or EPSP
4. mechanism to turn it off - 2Otto Loewiworked with frog in-vivo hearts; found ACh
- 3Acetylcholineprimary NT secreted by efferent PNS cells
- autonoic ganglia (heart)
- NMJ
in brain:
- nucleaus basalis (movement)
- hippocampus - 4Acetylcholine SynthesisAcetyl CoA + Choline -> Acetylcholine
catalyst: Choline acetyltransferase - 5Black Widow Spider Venom- stimulates release of ACh (agonist)
- causes muscle contraction at NMJ - 6Botulinum Toxin- ACh antagonist
- paralysis
- extremely toxic - 7Termination of ACh Effect- 50% of ACh is recycled at the synaptic cleft (re-uptake)
- blocking of choline transporter by hemicholinium prevents re-uptake
- ACh Esterase then breaks down ACh - 8Neostygmineinterferes with AChE, therefore keeping ACh in synapse for longer, increasing potency of ACh
- 9HemicholiniumAntagonist; blocks ACh re-uptake by cell
- 10Nicotinic receptorsACh receptor
found in skeletal muscles (ionotropic)
agonist: nicotine
antagonist: curare (blocks receptors) - 11Muscrainic receptorsACh receptor
found in smooth and heart muscle
agonist: muscraine (found in poison mushrooms) --> heart rate slows down; activates parasympathetic nervous system
antagonist: atropine (blocks receptors; belladonna) --> atropine blocks parasympathetic nervous system - 12Alzheimer's Disease- ACh
- patients have less ACh, and ACh synthesizing enzyme (choline actyltransferase)
- degeneration of ACh neurons in the hippocampus and inferior frontal lobes - 13Aricept- drug used to treat Alzheimer's Disease
- AChE inhibitor; designed to enter CNS and crosses the BBB - 14Monoamine NTfamily of NT that share a common structure:
- catecholamine: dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
- indolamines: serotonin - 15Catecholamine SynthesisTyrosine (ingested) -> L-DOPA -> Dopamine -> Norepinephrine
- 16Dopaminergic Neural Systems- nigrostriatal
- mesolimbic
- mesocortical - 17Nigrostriatal Systemprojects from subsstantia nigra to mid & hind brain regions
MOTOR - 18Mesolimbic Systemprojects from ventral tegmental area to the limbic system (nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus)
EMOTION - 19Mesocortical Systemprojects from ventral tegmental area to the prefrontal cortex
THINKING & PLANNING - 20Nucleus Accumbensreward/pleasure
Amphetamines and cocaine block DA re-uptake (more DA available) --> REWARDING - 21Catecholamic Disorders- Parkinson's Disease
- Depression
- Schizophrenia - 22Parkinson's DiseaseDA neuron degeneration within the basal ganglia (caudate nucleus and substantia nigra)
treatment: L-Dopa b/c it is a precursor to dopamine --> so inc. DA by creating more! - 23Depressiondecreased catecholamines within perhaps all systems, but maybe mainly mesolimbic (emotions)
- 24Schizophreniaincreased DA within mesolimbic and mesocortical systems
(abn high levels of DA release) - 25ReserpineDA and catecholic antagonist
prevents storage of dopamine within vesicles by blocking monoamine tranporters within neuron - 26Monoamine oxidase (MAO-B)in terminal button
destroys excess DA - 27Deprenylblocks MAO-B to increase catecholamines
therefore, AGONIST - 28Deep Brain Stimulationbasal ganglia is constantly stimulated;
VERY EFFECTIVE FOR LATE-STAGE PARKINSON'S - 29Motor, emotion, & cognition in depression- motor: increased isolation, decreased activity
- emotion: self-critical thoughts, relative inability to exp. pleasure
- cognition: reduced ability to concentrate - 30Catecholamine hypothesis of depressionSchildkraut and Kety
depression is associated with decreased CA levels in brain - 31Manic-Panic DepressionManic: inc. level of CA
panic: dec. level of CA - 32Foot-shock avoidance in rats- resperine (ACh antagonist) dec "escape" response to foot shock
- MAOIs (ACh agonist) inc. escape response
Shicdkraut and Kety
for depression - 33Tricyclic antidepressantsFOR DEPRESSION
reuptake blockers; affect NOR and SER primarily
side effect: overdose possible bc of cardiac complications (inc. sympathetic nervous system) - 34Anticholinergic effectsusually experienced w TCAs
ACh -> parasympathetic
Anti ACh -> sympathetic
dry mouth & eyes
bright light sensitivity (pupils dilate)
blurry vision - 35Schizophrenia Symptoms- positive: hallucination/delusions, disorganized thoughts, speech, and behavior, repetitive (stereotyped) behavior
- negative: decreased affect, alogia (dec. verbal output), avolition (difficult initiating goal-directed behavior) - 36Amphetamine- amphetamine psychosis produces symptoms consistent with paranoid schizophrenia
- amphetamine blocks DA re-uptake
AGONIST
too much DA - 37Typical/Classic Antipsychotics (Neuroleptics)- Thorazine, Haldol, Serenil, Mellaril
DA Antagonists;
better at staving off + symptoms than reducing - symptoms - 38Side Effect of Neuroleptics- Parkinson's Disease, because of decreased DA
- acute dystonia, oculomotor crisis, akathesia, tardive dyskinesia - 39Acute Dystoniauncontrolled movement of face, neck, and tongue
- 40Oculomotor crisisuncontrollable eye movements
- 41Akathesiarestlessness and agitation
- 42Tardive dyskinesialate appearing movement disorder
- 43Atypical Antipsychoticstarget receptors and multiple NTs rather than just DA, thus reducing side effects
- 44NorepinephrineSympathetic Nervous System
- noradrenergic receptors are metabotropic (slow-acting, diffuse effects)
- synthesized from dopamine within vesicles (via dopamine beta-hydroxylase) - 45Norepinephrine breakdownexcess NE destroyed by MAO-A
- 46Moclobemideinhibits MAO-A
therefore, increases NE
AGONIST
inc. attentiveness, alertness, vigilence - 47RitalinDA/NE reuptake blocker
AGONIST
used for ADHD
stimulant - 48Epinephrinesympathetic nervous system
synthesized from norepinephrine via PNMT
released from adrenal medulla (hormone) - 49Serotonina.k.a. 5-HT
is an indolamine
serotonin cell bodies in brainstem (RAS), project to cortex (emotion, arousal, visual system)
suppresses aggression - 508-OHDPATautoreceptor stimulator that reduces 5-HT release
ANTAGONIST - 51Fluoxetinea.k.a Prozac
SSRI (Serotonin selective re-uptake inhibitor)
elevates 5HT
AGONIST - 52Serotonin Degradationby MAO-A
5HT -> 5HIAA (impotent form) - 53Serotonin and Aggression Higley, 1996Serotonin suppresses aggression
Higley (1996): studied wild rhesus monkeys
5HIAA inversely associated with aggression
- low 5HIAA -> more aggressive
- high 5HIAA -> less aggressive - 54Raleigh et al. 19845HT higher in dominant rather than submissive male vervet monkeys
- 55Neuromodulators- chains of amino acids
- travel farther than NTs (crosses synapses)
- secreted in larger amts than NTs
- 2/8 most imp: glutamate (EPSP), GABA (IPSP)
regulate alertness, arousal, and anxiety by modulating excitability of postsynaptic cell - 56GlutamateEPSP neuromodulator
inc. Na+ & Ca++ opening
awake!
interacts with: 1. NMDA receptor (Ca++), 2. AMPA recptor (Na+), 3. Kainate (Na+), 4. Metabotropic glutamate receptor - 57GABAIPSP neuromodulator
inc. K+ & Cl- opening
sleepy!
interacts with: 1. GABA-A (ionotropic; Cl-) & 2. GABA-B (metabotropic; K+) - 58Valiumbenzodiazepine
"downer"
binds to GABA-A receptors; controls Cl- channel
reduce anxiety & seizures, promote sleep - 59Baclofenmajor muscle-relaxant
AGONIST for GABA-B (K+) - 60Alcoholdirect effect on GABA-A
AGONIST
inc. amt of time that Cl- channels are open
increase IPSP; decrease anxiety - 61Seizuresdec. GABA associated with seizures (uncontrollable neuronal firing)
- 62Tiagabinereduces GABA re-uptake
AGONIST
dec. neural activity - 63Tetrahydrocannibol (THC)- lipid
- stimulates canibinoid receptors
- associated with: analgesic effects, inc. appetite, reduced nausea, distorted perception of time
very useful for patients under chemo! - 64Nitric Oxide (NO)Soluble gas!! Neuromodulator!!
Affects more distant cells
Exerts effects within intestinal muscles & dilates blood vessels - 65Afferent Neuronssend sensory information to brain
- 66Efferent Neuronscarry motor messages to muscles
- 67Different Types of Receptors1. mechanoreceptors
2. chemicoreceptors
3. photoreceptors - 68Rate Lawdetermines the intensity of the stimulation
(rate of firing) - 69Tonic ReceptorsSLOW ADAPTERS
detects sustained change; continue to fire at a relatively constant rate as long as the stimulus is maintained - 70Phasic ReceptorsFAST ADAPTERS
used to detect change;
respond with a burst of APs when the stimulus is first applied, but quickly reduces rate of firing when stimulus is maintained. - 71Sensory Receptors- transduce energy -> neural signals
- lack axons, but form synapses with dendrites of other sensory neurons
- mode specific & have a small range of energy levels - 72Properties of EMRintensity (amplitude) -> brightness
wavelength -> color - 73Parts of the Eye- pupil (aperture) -> admit light
- lens -> focuses light
- retina (photoreceptive elements) -> transduce light stimulus - 74Path of Lightcornea -> aq. humor -> pupil -> lens -> vit. humor -> retina (image his upside down and reversed)
- 75Vergence Movementsrotate to keep eye on object on corresponding parts of the retina;
"closer / farther" - 76Pursuit movementsfollowing an object to keep it on the same part of the retina (fovea, to maximize detail and appreciation)
literally pursuing an object - 77Saccadic movementsrapid eye movements between objects
eyes fixate during smooth pursuit and jump back and forth when objects are not stationary - 78Path of Light in Retinaphotoreceptor -> bipolar cell -> ganglion layer
- 79Types of PhotoreceptorsRods: light sensitive
Cones: color sensitive
outer segments of a rod/cone contain different photopigments that react to light - 80Rodssensitive to light
found mostly in periphery of retina
low activation threshold - 81Conescolor sensitive
found mostly in fovea
higher activation threshold - 82Visual Transductionat rest in the photoreceptor, Na+ and Ca++ channels are kept open by cGMP, resulting in the release of NT which hyperpolarizes bipolar cell membrane. Light splits opsin and retinal apart, which destroys cGMP, ceases release of NT, causing bipolar cell to fire.
- 83Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Layersinner 2: magnocellular for form, movement, depth, and brightness
outer 4: parvocellular for color and fine detail discrimination
PART OF THALAMUS - 84Horizontal Cellsperform lateral inhibition
defines edges; leading to the stepwise function of light - 85Mach Bandsdemonstrates stepwise function of light
- 86Trichromatic theory3 diff receptors in eye, each sensitive to a single hue: blue, red, green
valid on RETINA LEVEL - 87Opponent Processing TheoryYellow - Blue; Red - Green
valid at GANGLION LEVEL
negative afterimages support this theory - 88Protonopiax-linked form of colorblindness
"red" cones filled with "green" cone opsin;
world in shades of yellow and blue; both red and green looks yellowish - 89Deuteranopiadefective color vision in which red and green hues are confused;
"green" cones filled with "red" opsin
see world in shades of yellow and blue; red and green both look yellowish - 90Tritanopiainherited; colorblindness;
short wavelengths are confused
"blue" cones are lacking or faulty;
difficulty seeing yellows and blues; see the world in greens and reds - 91Visual ProcessingDorsal stream: WHERE
Ventral stream: WHAT - 92V1Sensitive to orientation
- 93V2sensitive to frequency
(detects patterns) - 94V4Recognition to "ideas"
i.e., responds to NINE, 9, IX - 95Fusiform Face AreaVery flexible; increases recruitment with expertise
i.e. greebles - 96Temporal Damage for Vision- difficulty identifying objects by sight (but touch should help)
- show little frustration; lesion in ventral stream for vision
- phoenemic cues do not help - 97Parietal Damage for Vision- grasping problems
- difficulty locating objects / movement of objects - 98Prosopagnosiainability to recognize faces
lesion of inferior temporal region - 99Properties of Sound Wavesamplitude -> loudness
frequency -> pitch
complexity -> timbre - 100Divisions of the EarOuter ear: channel to the tympanic membrane
Middle ear: ossicles -- malleus, incus, stapes
Inner ear: cochlea - 101Ossicles"middle ear bone"
malleus, incus, stapes
Acts as an amplifier
tympanic membrane -> m - i - s -> oval window - 102Organ of Cortilocated within the cochlea
acts as a "microphone"
includes tectorial membrane, outer hair cells, inner hair cells, basilar membrane, and axons of auditory nerve - 103Inner Hair Celllocated within Corti
does not touch the tectorial membrane, but moves with the movement of liquid
95% of auditory nerves connect with inner hair cells
single row - 104Outer Hair CellForms three rows
Structural function
Connect basilar and tectorial membranes - 105How sound is transduced in auditory hair cells"Tip links" attach at adj. cilia at the insertional plaque; with the movement of fluid within cochlea, the cilia bend in one direction or the other
this causes tip links to be tense, thus opening up Ca++ and K+ channels, allowing ions to flow in
At rest, 10% of maximum firing - 106Major Audition Pathwaysuperior olivary complex (medulla)
|
inferior colliculus (dorsal midbrain)
|
medial geniculate (thalamus)
|
auditory complex (superior temp lobe) - 107Core Region of Auditory Cortexcontains primary auditory cortex
IF Lesion: contralateral clicking/buzz/blip noise - 108Belt Region of Auditory Cortexsecondary association area (info from PAC and medial geniculate nucleus)
IF Lesion: contralateral phonemic sounds (baa, paa, faa) - 109Parabelt Region of Auditory Cortextertiary regions (info from belt, and media geniculate nucleus)
IF Lesion: hear pronounceable words contralateral - 110Place Coding of Pitch- For 200-20000 Hz:
high frequency: near base of basilar membrane
low frequency: near apex of basilar membrane
- For <200 Hz:
rate law
TONOTOPIC REPRESENTATION
high -> medial, low -> lateral - 111How is sound located?IN THE OLIVES!
Medial superior olives: coincidence detectors -- If right or left, will reach one ear sooner, and get to the medulla sooner
Lateral superior olives: intensity detectors; ear closer to sound will experience higher intensity of sound