8509911
Description
Flashcards by freya hinks, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by freya hinks
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| abiotic condition | a non-living feature of an ecosystem |
| abundance | the number of individuals of one species in a particular area |
| acetylation | attachement of an acetyl group to something |
| acetylcholine (ACh) | a neurotransmitter that binds to cholinergic receptors |
| acetyl coenzyme A (AcetylCoA) | a coenzyme involved in respiration which transfers acetate from one molecule to another |
| acquired mutation | a mutation you develop during your lifetime |
| actin | the thin myofilament protein in muscle fibres |
| actin-myosin cross bridge | the bond formed when a myosin head binds to an actin filament |
| activator | a transcription factor that increases the rate of transcription |
| active transport | movement of molecules and ions across plasma membranes against a concentration gradient which requires energy |
| adaptation | a feature that increases an individuals chance of survival and reproduction |
| ADP (adenosine diphosphate) | a molecule made of adenine, a ribose sugar and 2 phosphate groups, and ATP is synthesised from ADP and Pi (a phosphate group) |
| adrenaline | a hormone secreted from the adrenal glands which can increase blood glucose concentration |
| allele | one or more alternative versions of the same gene |
| allele frequency | how often an allele occurs in a population |
| allopatric speciation | where speciation occurs as a result of geographic isolation |
| ammonification | where nitrogen compounds from dead organisms or waste material are turned into ammonium compounds by saprobionts |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | a hormone that regulates the water potential of the blood by controlling the permeability of the cells of the distil convoluted tubule and the collecting duct in the kidney |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | a molecule made of adenine, a ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups, and it is the immediate source of energy in a cell |
| ATP hydrolase | an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and Pi |
| ATP synthase | an enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi |
| ATP - phosphocreatine (PCr) system | a system that generates ATP very quickly by phosphorylating ADP and using a Pi from phosphcreatine |
| atrioventricular node (AVN) | a group of cells in the heart wall that is responsible for passing waves of electrical activity from the SAN on to the bundle of His |
| autonomic nervous system | a division of the peripheral nervous system that controls unconscious activities, e.g. heart rate |
| autosomal linkage | when two genes are located on the same autosome and are inherited by the offspring together |
| autosome | a chromosome that isn't a sex chromosome |
| benign tumour | a non-cancerous tumour |
| biomass | the mass of living material in an organism |
| biotic condition | a living feature of an ecosystem |
| bunde of His | a group of muscle fibres in the heart, responsible for conducting waves of electrical activity from the AVN to the Purkyne fibres |
| cardiomyocyte | a heart muscle cell |
| carrying capacity | the maximum stable population size of a species that an ecosystem can support |
| causal relationship | where a change in one variable causes a change in the other |
| cDNA (complementary DNA) | a DNA copy of mRNA made using reverse transcriptase |
| chemical mediator | a chemical messenger that acts locally, i.e. on nearby cells |
| chemiosmosis | the process of electrons flowing down the electron transport chain and creating a proton gradient across a membrane to drive ATP synthesis |
| cholinergic synapse | a synapse that uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine |
| climax community | the largest and most complex community of plants and animals an ecosystem can support |
| codominant allele | an allele whose characteristic appears together with another allele in the phenotype because neither allele is recessive |
| codon | a base triplet in DNA or mRNA that codes for an amino acid |
| coenzyme | a molecule that aids the function of an enzyme, which work by transferring a chemical group form one molecule to another |
| community | all the populations of different species in a habitat |
| compensation point | the point where photosynthesis in a plant exactly matches its rate of respiration |
| cone | a photoreceptor cell found in the eye that gives information in colour |
| conservation | the protection and management of species and habitats (ecosystems) in a sustainable way |
| control group | a group in a study that is treated in exactly the same way as the experimental group, apart from the factor that you're investigating |
| coordinator | part of the nervous system which formulates an appropriate response to a stimulus before sending impulses to an effector |
| dehydrogenase | an enzyme that transfers hydrogen and electrons from one molecule to another |
| denitrification | the process where nitrates in the soil are converted into nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria |
| depolarisation | a decrease in the potential difference across a cells membrane, making it less negative that the resting potential |
| diabetes mellitus type 1 | a condition where blood glucose concentration cant be controlled properly because the body doesn't produce any insulin, which occurs from a young age |
| diabetes mellitus type 2 | a condition where blood glucose concentration cant be controlled properly because the body doesn't produce enough insulin or the body cells don't respond properly to insulin, which occurs due to a poor diet |
| dihybrid inheritance | the inheritance of two characteristics which are controlled by different genes |
| directional selection | where individuals with alleles for a single extreme phenotype are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their alleles |
| disruptive selection | where individuals with alleles for phenotypes at the extreme ends of a range are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their alleles |
| DNA polymerase | an enzyme that joins together the nucleotides on a new strand of DNA during DNA replication |
| DNA probe | a short, single strand of DNA that has a complementary base sequence to part of a target gene |
| DNA sequencing | a technique used to determine the order of bases in a section of DNA |
| dominant allele | an allele whose characteristic appears in the phenotype even when theres only one copy |
| ecosystem | all the organisms living in a community plus all the abiotic conditions in the area in which they live |
| effector | a cell that brings about a response to a stimulus |
| electrochemical gradient | a concentration gradient of ions |
| electron transport chain | a chain of proteins down which excited electrons flow |
| epigenetic control (of gene expression) | the attachment of removal of chemical groups to or from DNA of histone proteins, which determines if a gene is switched on or off |
| epistasis | when an allele of one gene masks the expression of the alleles of other genes |
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