8521074
Description
Flashcards by Ewa Klonowicz, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Ewa Klonowicz
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Free will and determinism | Revolves around whether or not people are free to choose how to think and behave or if behaviour is determined |
| Hard determinism | Implies that it should be possible to identify all causes of behaviour |
| Soft Determinism | Allows for both human behaviour to be determined and for people to exercise their free will |
| Biological determinism | Different parts of the brain, instinctive needs, hormonal system, evolutionary forces, genes |
| Environmental determinism | Good for prediction and control. Behaviour is under the control of reinforcement and punishment |
| Psychic determinism | Freud saw all thoughts and behaviour come from the unconscious mind and that nothing is an accident |
| Determinism and the scientific method | Determinism is compatible with the scientific method and helps raise the profile of psychology as a science as it obeys general laws |
| Humanistic psychologists | Subscribe to a free will point of view. But- consider mental illness... is it by free will? |
| Descartes | Subscribed to a view called nativism which argues that certain human characteristics are innate |
| The Empiricist viewpoint | John Locke, David Hume and John Stewart Mill argued that all knowledge is derived from human experience |
| Heritability coefficient | Provides a numerical figure from 0 to 1 representing the extent to which a characteristic is genetic in its origin with 1 being purely genetic |
| Plomin et al | Found personality characteristics had a heritability coefficient of between 0.15 and 0.5 |
| Nature and nurture | To study the relative contribution of nature and nurture, twin studies and adoption studies are used to compare the environment to genetics |
| Social sensitivity | Refers to any psychological research that has wider ethical implications that impact outside of the research context that may affect groups of people in society |
| Universality | When applied to gender, means that all research is assumed to apply equally to both genders |
| Androcentrism | Refers to the fact that psychology has been male dominated and the theories tend to represent all male view which could result in alpha or beta bias |
| Alpha bias (gender) | An attempt to exaggerate the differences between genders |
| Beta bias (gender) | An attempt to downplay the differences between genders |
| Western bias | Most psychologists have been trained in the West |
| Cultural Bias | Concerned with the distorted view that psychologists have because of their own cultural affiliations and how this bias affects theories and studies |
| Alpha bias (cultural) | Refers to the theories that assume there are real differences between individualistic and collectivist cultures in conformity that turned out to be false |
| Beta bias (cultural) | Ignores or minimalises cultural differences, stating that all people are the same so should be investigated with the same methods such as IQ tests (Chilting test) |
| Ethnocentrism | Refers to the use of our own ethnic or cultural group as a basis for judgement about other groups (Batista family) |
| Cultural relativism | The idea that there is no right or wrong and it is important to consider the behaviour of an individual within their culture |
| Etic constant | The idea that an idea can be applied to all cultural groups. |
| Emic constant | Idea that only applies to one cultural group |
| Imposed etic | A culture specific idea is wrongly imposed on another culture |
| Idiographic approach | Focused on the differences between people and recognises the uniqueness of the person. This approach employs methods like an unstructured interview. It tends to adopt a holistic perspective but may seem unscientific |
| Nomothetic approach | Focusses on the similarities between people and attempts to establish general laws. It is aligned with the scientific approach and adopts a reductionist viewpoint |
| Reciprocal determinism | Human behaviour is affected by and affects the environment. A person's consciousness and awareness affected the behaviour and environment |
| Holism | The whole is greater than the sum of the parts |
| Reductionism | To understand human beings, the whole must be reduced to the simplest component parts |
| Levels of explanation | Highest- cultural and social Middle- psychological Lower- biological |
| Biological reductionism | Attempts to explain all behaviour in terms of neuropsychology, genes and biochemistry |
| Behaviourists | Reduce behaviour to stimulus response associations in the environment |
| Gestalt psychologists | Reject the reductionism approach |
| Kohler | Gestalt psychologist that showed problem solving in animals could not be reduced as problems are solved via insight learning which he linked back to creativity in humans |
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