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Description
Flashcards by Jonathan Bugeya Miller, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jonathan Bugeya Miller
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is Anthropology? | The study of cultures and how they are shaped by the world around them |
| What is sociology? | The study of human behavior in social groups |
| What is psychology? | The study of the human mind and its functions |
| What are the psychological levels of explanation? | - Lower (Biological) -Middle (Interpersonal) -Higher (Cultural and social) |
| What are the six psychological schools of thought? | -Structuralism -Functionalism -Psychodynamic -Behaviorism -Cognitive -Socio-Cultural |
| Who was Sigmund Frued? | An American psychologist who founded the psychodynamic psychology |
| Who was Ivan Pavlov? | Russian psychologist whose experiments on learning led to the principles of classical conditioning |
| Who was B. F. Skinner | American psychologist who contributed to the school of behaviorism |
| Define Society please <3 | a group of people whose members interact, reside in a definable area and share a culture |
| Define culture please <3 | a group that shares practices, values, beliefs, norms and artifacts. |
| What are the levels of sociology? | -Micro -Macro -Global |
| Who wrote the sociological imagination? | C. Wright Mills |
| What are social structures? | The pattern that is observed in which help sociologist define how a certain society functions. |
| Who was Auguste Comte | A French philosopher and the text considers him to be the father of Sociology and also the founder of positivism |
| Who was Karl Marx? | A German philosopher who created the communist manifesto (basically states that proper sharing of everything is the best form of society). Made a critical analysis of material inequalities which causes social instability and conflict. He called this historical materialism. Founder of critical sociology |
| Who was Émile Durkheim? | A French sociologist who wrote on suicide and why it occurs. Analyzed social facts and social functions. Also said that laws create social solidarity which basically means laws connect people just as a human body does. |
| What are the paradigms of Sociology? | -Positivism -Interpretive Sociology -Conflict Sociology -Feminism (side paradigm) |
| Name three characteristics of a culture. | -Culture is learned -Cultures are integrated -Culture is based on symbols -Cultures interact and change -Culture is not the same as nature |
| What is structuralism? | -A psychological school of though -Uses the method of introspection to identify the basic elements of psychological experience -Founded by Wundt and Titchener |
| What is functionalism? | -A psychological school of thought -A study of what humans do in their current mental state (how they function ;) ) -Founded by William James |
| What is Psycho dynamic? | -A Psychological School of thought -Emphasizes systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience. -Founded by Freud, Jung, Alder, and Erikson |
| What is behaviorism? | -A psychological school of thought -the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning -Created by Watson and Skinner |
| What is cognitive psychology? | -Psychological school of thought of course -The study of mental processes such as "attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking". -Founded by Piaget |
| What is social psychology? | -A psychological school of though :P -The study of how thoughts, feelings and behaviours are influenced by surroundings -Founded by Heifers |
| What is qualitative research? | -Focus on more face-to-face research -A research method that is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. |
| What is quantitative research? | The research of objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys |
| How would a positivist approach situations? | It would relies solely on scientific evidence, such as experiments and statistics, to reveal a true nature of how society operates. -Founded by August Comte |
| How would a interpretative approach situations? | It would consider the meanings individuals place on their surroundings and allow that "reality" be able to define behaviour and thinking. -Max Weber <3 |
| How might a criticalist approach situations? | Approaches the inequality barriers in individual lives and how they might influence behaviours, thinking, etc. |
| What are empirical methods? | The methods that focus on scientific evidence that prove a hypothesis -Empirical data is produced by experiment and observation. |
| What are the 3 paradigms of sociology? | -Structural Functionalism -Critical Sociology -Symbolic Interactionism |
| What is structural functionalism? | A theoretical approach that sees society as a structure with interrelated parts deigned to meet the biological and social needs of individuals that make up that society. |
| What is symbolic interactionism? | A theoretical perspective through which scholars examine the relationships individuals within their society by studying their communication. |
| What is functionalism? | Is the concept of how individuals interrelate with each other as individuals in society. |
| What is Structuralism? | The elements of human culture must be understood by way of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure. |
| What is introspection? | the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes. |
| What are the five fields of Anthropology? (BALCA) | Biological Anthropology Archaeology Linguistic Anthropology Cultural Anthropology Applied Anthropology |
| What are the three debates? | -Biological Determinism Vs Cultural Structuralism -Interpretive Anthropology Vs Cultural Materialism -Individual Agency Vs Structuralism |
| What is Biological Determinism? | The idea that all human behaviour is determined by genes, brain size, or other biological factors |
| What is cultural structuralism? | The idea that the surrounding culture influences behaviours and thinking of an individual |
| What is interpretive anthropology? | the study of cultural symbols and how those symbols can be used to better understanding a particular society. |
| What is cultural materialism? | An approach that divides a culture into 3 layers: -infrastructure (basic needs) -structure (institutions & laws) -superstructure (beliefs, values, art, etc) |
| What is individual agency? | the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices. |
| What is structuralism? | Structure is those factors of influence (such as social class, religion, gender, ethnicity, ability, customs, etc.) that determine or limit an agent and his or her decisions. |
| What is classical conditioning? | conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus (as the sound of a bell) is paired with and precedes the unconditioned stimulus (as the sight of food) until the conditioned stimulus alone is sufficient to elicit the response (as salivation in a dog) -Ivan Pavlov was the first to show this working with a dog |
| What is operant conditioning? | Operant conditioning is a form of learning. In it, an individual changes its behaviour because of the consequences (results) of the behaviour. A consequence may be Reinforced with a positive or rewarding event. |
| Please summarize the ideology of the sociological imagination. | C. Wright Mills emphasized the importance of seeing the connections between social structure and individual experience and agency. |
| What does Freud's theory of personality consist of? | The Id, the ego, and the superego |
| What is the id responsible for? | The id is the impulsive (and unconscious) part of our psyche which responds directly and immediately to the instincts. |
| What is the ego responsible for? | The ego develops in order to mediate between the unrealistic id and the external real world. It is the decision making component of personality. Ideally the ego works by reason, whereas the id is chaotic and totally unreasonable. |
| What is the superego responsible for? | The superego's function is to control the id's impulses, especially those which society forbids, such as sex and aggression. It also has the function of persuading the ego to turn to moralistic goals rather than simply realistic ones and to strive for perfection. |
| How does Karl Marx view class? | He sees capitalists (the bourgeoisie) affecting the working class (proletariat) by making them unhappy due to alienation from the final product |
| Who is the bourgeoisie? | The capitalists who owns most of society's wealth and means of production |
| Who is the proletariat? | The working-class people |
| What is historical materialism? | The view that events and institutions are based on economic forces. The bourgeoisie determine the rules and morals of Society. |
| What is the view of critical cultural relativism? | When an individual is able to question some foreign cultural standards but the majority of the standards are not |
| What is absolute cultural relativism? | When an individual not does not make any questions on cultural standards because that would be ethnocentric of the researcher |
| What issues might occur with absolute relativism? | Some situations might have other people killed and as a researcher you can't intervene. For instance, the holocaust |
| What is an ethnography? | It is the systematic study of people and cultures. It is designed to explore cultural phenomena where the researcher observes society from the point of view of the subject of the study. |
| What is ethnocentrism? | When someone judges another culture's standards based on their own. |
| What is participant observation? | One type of data collection method typically used in qualitative research. It is a widely used methodology in many disciplines, particularly cultural anthropology |
| What is significant about hunter and gatherers? | They were egalitarian since both sexes had jobs (men hunted while females gathered) |
| What are hunters and gathers? | -A nomadic egalitarian means of production -Males hunted -Females gathered |
| What is horticulture production? | A means of production that slashes and burns crops -Focused on crops extensively with burning the cultivation -Division of labour depends on age and sex -Sedentary (somewhat inactive) |
| What is pastoralism? | Herders of domesticated animals that are nomadic to exploit seasons or conditions -more unequal than hunting and gathering |
| What is agriculture? | -A variety of techniques employed that enable the cultivation of permanent fields -More labour-intensive -Irrigation free cultivation from seasonal domination -Terracing the land (making it flat) -large food and surplus -Dramatic increase of social inequality |
| What is the industry? | A mode of production that includes large machinery -Schooling became important due to new skills needed -Created economic inequality -Weakened human community |
| What is the post-industrial mean of production? | New information technology -Production focused on computers and other electronic devices -New skills that define a way of life -Society now creates symbolic culture? |
| What is acculturation? | A cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture |
| What is social change? | Changes in the way society is organized, and the beliefs & practices of the people who believe in it. |
| What is the evolutionary theory of change? | Societies evolve from simple beginnings to complex ends |
| What is the Cyclical Theory of Change | Change happens like trends and are easily predictable |
| What is the challenge and response theory of change? | Each society faces some sort of challenge and they must respond successfully in order to survive |
| What is the conflict theory of change? | Society changes because of the dynamics between rich and poor |
| What is the functionalist theory of change? | Society is affected by social institutions (new ones mean new norms) |
| What are the three modes of exchange? | Reciprocity Redistribution Market exchange |
| What is reciprocity? | 3 types -Generalized (nothing in return) -Balanced (gift for gift) -Negative (big gift for small one) |
| What is redistribution? | Members contribute items to a central organization -common among tribes -Consider the Pot latch (indigenous fiests) |
| What is market exchange? | -Trades of goods calculated by value based on currency -Includes financial institutions -Used in capitalist societies -Canada is a perfect example |
| What is the Asch conformity experiment? | A line comparison test that proved people are more likely to follow the crowed even when they are wrong. -Additionally, if someone followed the real participant, they would be more likely to follow their own opinion |
| What is the Stanford prison experiment? | -Young men were divided into the roles of Prisoner and Guard and put in a prison-like environment. -Guards and the suffering of the Prisoners was so intense that it had to be called off. -The study provided a graphic illustration of the power of situations to shape individuals' behaviour. |
| What is Stanley Migram's experiment? | -An electrical shock experiment that focused on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. |
| What is anomie and who founded it? | Anomie is normlessness where the expectations of behaviour are unclear and the system has broken down. This would cause deviant behaviours and later cause suicide. |
| What is alienation? | A situation where there is less integration among the people in a community and individuals do not feel connected to each other. |
| How does Howe & Strauss view Millennials? | Millennials are: Sheltered Confident Team-oriented Achieving Pressured Conventional |
| What is helicopter parenting? | A style of parenting where the parents will participate in most of the child's life for their safety and future |
| What are the negatives of helicopter parenting? | Kids are isolated from trouble so when they become grown ups they'll be relying on their parents for certain things rather than doing their jobs as grown ups. |
| What is the baby boom? | An period after World War II that had parents making lots of babies. This created a new generation of children known as the boomers. |
| What was the impact of the baby boom? | Suburban culture (large demand for housing, construction boomed) Counterculture (1964-1972 boomers were rebellious) Institutional growth and money (need for schools, free health care and low cost for schools) Retirement soon |
| What is the boomerang generation? | They are so named for the percentage of whom choose to share a home with their parents after previously living on their own – thus boomeranging back to their parents' residence. |
| How has the boomers affected generation Y? | The boomers are lean towards helicopter because of the urge of a "perfect kid" in the media. As a result, the child is isolated from the "impure" things. |
| What is socialization? | When an individual inherits norms, customs, and ideologies of a culture they live in. |
| What are the three types of socialization? | -Primary (Family and friends) -Secondary (Religion, schools, work places) -Social classes (class, race, gender) |
| What does "wean" mean? | Accustom (an infant or other young mammal) to food other than its mother's milk. |
| What is a cross-cultural example of differences when concerning weaning? | -Some cultures believe that infants should be allowed to wean themselves -Other cultures will wean the infants when they desire, rather others will wean on a strict schedule -There are norms about the age of weaning and how it should be accomplished |
| What are the 4 social norms that people unconsciously follow? | -Folkways (weird to break) -Mores (rude to break) -Laws (illegal to break) -Situational (weird to break in certain situations) |
| What are the four types of social movements? | -Reform -Revolutionary -Reactionary -Resistance |
| What is a reform movement? | Organized to carry out reforms in some specific areas |
| What is a revolutionary movement? | These movements advocate for replacing the entire existing structure by reorganizing society in accordance to their own ideological blueprint |
| What is a reactionary movement? | This group's is to reverse the social change that previously occurred |
| What is a resistance movement? | A group formed around resisting a change so they can make a change. I.E. boycotting things |
| What is the life cycle of a social movement? | Emergence Coalescence Bureaucratization Decline |
| What are the stages of a social movement? | Municipal Regional National Global |
| What is absolute poverty? | A condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. |
| What is relative poverty? | The lack of minimum amount of income needed in order to maintain the average standard of living in the society in which they live. |
| What treatments are there for certain disorders? | Cognitive therapy (modify patterns) Behavioural therapy (modify environmental triggers) Cognitive-Behavioural therapy ( /\Mix of the two) -Medication (has negative side-affects) |
| What kind of disorders are there? | Mood disorders (Bipolar) Schizophrenia Anxiety Disorders (OCD) Personality Disorders (BPD) |
| How might disorders be predicted? | Genetic predisposition Childhood trauma Life stress |
| What does stereotypes mean? | It means oversimplified ideas a out groups of people |
| What does prejudice refer to? | It refers to thought & feelings about stereotypical groups |
| What does discrimination refer to? | It's the action against stereotypical groups -Can also include promotion of a group's status (such as white privileged) |
| What does gender refer to? | Refers to society's concept of how men and women are expected to act and how they should behave. |
| What does sex refer to? | The physical or physiological differences between males and females |
| What is sexism? | Prejudiced beliefs that value one sex over the other |
| What is ethnicity? | A group of individuals that share traditions, language, and religion. |
| What is institutional racism? | Refers to the way in which racial distinctions are used to organize the policy and practice of state, judicial, economic, and educational institutions. |
| What is rationalization? | The social process by which a racial identity is attached to a group and that group is placed in a race-based society. |
| What is the class structure in Canada? | The owning class, the middle class, and the working class. |
| What is homophobia? | The dislike of or prejudice against homosexual people |
| What is heterosexism? | Discrimination or prejudice against homosexuals on the assumption that heterosexuality is the normal sexual orientation. |
| What does heteronormative mean? | Promoting that heterosexuality is the preferred sexual orientation |
| What is equality of condition mean? | A form of egalitarianism which seeks to reduce or eliminate differences in material condition between individuals or households in society |
| What is equality of opportunity? | The view that any discrimination in employment is highly discouraged |
| How does a structural functionalist view gender discrimination? | Each sex has a role to play in the society |
| How might symbolic internationalism view gender discrimination? | Gender is socially constructed so that results in a constructed discrimination towards certain genders |
| How does conflict theory view gender discrimination? | Keeping females in subordinate roles, men ensure that they control the means of production and protect their privileges |
| How might feminist theory approach gender discrimination? | Patriarchy (men dominate and hold authority over everyone) Class, race, gender intersect in a way that privileges some women over others |
| What happened to Jamaica and why is it significant for globalization? | They gained independence from Great Britain in 1962, but all kinds of financial problems persisted after created by colonial movements |
| When and why was the IMF created? | Created at the end of WWII Created to give short term major loans to the countries that won the war |
| What does Jamaica look like post-colonial? | -Really poor -Free trade barriers -Privatized -Devalued currency -High interest loans for citizens |
| What is neoliberalism? | A form of free-market capitalism that advocates for privatization of public services, and free-trade. |
| What is the World Bank and why was it created? | Created for rebuilding Europe after WWII -"working for a world free of poverty" -Provide low interest loans, interest-free credit, and grants to developing countries |
| What are structural adjustment loans? | a type of loan to developing countries. It is the mechanism by which international financial institutions, such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, impose structural adjustment. |
| What are the conditions of structural adjustment loans? | -Make currency cheaper -Cut social services and privatize them -Suppress wages -Force citizens to adhere to high interest rate loans |
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