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Flashcards by nicole stanley, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by nicole stanley
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| who was the greek god of healing? | Asclepius |
| where did the greeks use to go if they were ill and why? | the asclepion because they believed that whilst they slept Asclepius would visit and cure them, the priests also applied ointments and performed rituals |
| what is the hippocratic oath? | a promise made by doctors to obey rules of behaviour in their professional lives. |
| what is taught in the hippocratic corpus (the collection of books he wrote)? | the body is a balance and to observe patients for symptoms |
| who improved the theory of four humours and how? | Aristotle, he said it was made of four fluids (yellow bile, blood, phlegm and black bile) |
| what did the romans introduce in Britain? | aqueducts, public baths, toilets and sewers |
| what did Galen use to improve his anatomical knowledge? | wounded gladiators and animals |
| why did galen make mistakes? | he did not dissect humans and assumed the anatomy of a human and various animals were the same which they were not |
| what theory did galen come up with ? | he came up with the theory of opposites which was based on the theory of four humours in that an imbalance should be treated with the opposite humour |
| why were galens ideas believed for so long? | the church had major influence on people and strongly believed in galen making disagreeing with him almost sinful |
| in medieval times where was human waste typically disposed? | the streets |
| when did the black death reach Britain? | 1348 |
| what was the black death? | a series of plagues : pneumonic - airborne , spread by coughs and sneezes bubonic - spread by black rat flea bites |
| how long did it take for the plagues to kill someone and how? | pneumonic- a couple of days, it attacked the lungs bubonic - a week but not all died from it just most, it caused exhaustion, headaches, a high temperature and buboes (big swellings) |
| what did edward jenner come up with and how? | vaccinations, by observing that milkmaid who caught cow pox did not catch small pox (a worse and deadly version) and so in 1796 tested his theory on a young boy in which it worked |
| what did they think caused the black death? | -they thought it was gods wrath -punishment due to the jews or nobility -the planets -the end of the world |
| when did the church begin to lose power and why? | the renaissance period, people though the church was becoming corrupt and demanded the bible to be translated to modern language alongside the growth of the protestant church |
| when did the black death return to London? | 1665 |
| what improvements were there in dealing with the plague? | they recognised it was contagious and so boarded up infected families and put a red cross on the door and they collected all the bodies to be buried |
| how did the great fire of london in 1666 help? | it helped to sterilise a large portion of london from the plague |
| when was the printing press invented and when was it brought to britain? | 1454 and 1476 |
| how did the printing press help medicine? | it helped spread ideas across the country easier and quicker |
| what mistake of gale's did andreas vesalius find? | that there are no holes in the septum of the heart blood goes from one side to the other via the lungs |
| what did william harvey discover? | that blood circulated the body and was not consumed thus disproving galen |
| why did harvey and vesalius; work not have much of an impact in medicine? | it was all to do with the anatomy not the cause or solution to disease and illness |
| when were vaccinations made free for infants and compulsory for others? | in 1840 it was free for infants and in 1853 it was made compulsory to everyone |
| why were vaccinations opposed? | doctors thought it would threaten the livelihood they had made by giving inoculations and other feared about the fact they were getting a disease from a cow and thought it was obscene |
| how did Florence Nightingale help improve nursing during the Crimean war? | she cleaned, cared, she enforced discipline |
| who is mary seacole? | a black nurse who also helped in the crimea war but had to finance herself after volunteering and being turned down on racist grounds |
| before germ theory what was thought to be the cause of disease? | noxious air known as miasma |
| what is spontaneous generation? | the belief that germs were because of illness |
| what did louis pasteur find when employed to help a brewery in 1857? | that their issue was caused because of germs in the air |
| how did robert koch view disease causing microbes? | he invented a dye which highlighted specific microbes. |
| what year was the bacteria for tuberculosis, septicaemia and cholera found by robert koch? | tuberculosis and septicaemia = 1882 cholera = 1883 |
| in 1891 what did Emil von Behring produce? | an antitoxin/serum that could help reduce the effects of the disease diphtheria |
| what is a magic bullet? | a synthetic antibody which targets a specific microbe |
| how many arsenic compounds were tested by Paul Enrlich in an attempt to cure syphilis? | over 600 |
| when did Sahachiro Hata join Paul Enrlich's team and what compound did he find worked after retesting some of the compounds? | 1909 and the 606th |
| what was the first magic bullet called and used for and when was it first tested on a human? | Salvarsan 606 and it was used in 1911 |
| what year did Alexander Fleming "discover" penicillin and how? | 1928 by cleaning up some dishes he had been growing bacteria in he found that a fungal spore had got into one of the dishes and caused the bacteria to stop growing |
| what fungal spore was found in the container that stopped and killed bacteria? | penicillium notatum |
| who found a way to purify of penicillin and when? | Ernst Chain and Howard Florey between 1938 and 1940. Ernst Chain who worked on Howard Florey's team created a freeze-drying technique |
| how did Florey and Chain contribute to the mass production of penicillin? | they spoke to the British and the US governments. The british said no as they were too busy making weaponry for the war (WW1) but in 1941 when america joined they decided to helped. |
| by what year was penicillin being sufficiently mass produced? | 1944 |
| what motivation factors were there to introduce a public health act? | Edwin Chadwick's 'report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring population of great britain' from 1842 and another cholera epidemic in 1848 |
| what did the public health act of 1848 introduce? | local and general boards of health and advice to : employ medical officers, check food and housing, provide sewers |
| why did the public health act of 1848 fail and when was it abolished? | it was advisory not compulsory and the government was still influenced by a lassez- faire attitude so it was abolished in 1858 |
| when was the connection made between cholera and dirty water made and who by? | 1853-4 by John Snow |
| how was the link made between dirty water and cholera? | john snow studied broad street which used the same pump, he removed the pump and found cholera-related death rates on broad street decreased |
| when was the great stink and what caused it? | 1858, it was caused by overflowing cesspits which leaked into the river thames. in summer it got so how that water levels dropped and bacteria increased creating a foul stench effecting most of london |
| what did Joseph Bazalgette do and when? | he created a large sewage system after being employed in 1849 after the grand eat stink , it was officially opened in 1865 |
| what are the benefits of Joseph Bazlagette's work? | it prevented another great stink and reduced the chance of catching cholera as waste was being taken away from water supplies |
| when was louis pasteurs germ theory published? | 1861 |
| what did the 1875 public health act do and why was it more successful? | it was more successful because it was compulsory for local authorities. They had to appoint health inspectors and sanitary inspectors, cover sewers, supply fresh water, empty bins and provide street lighting |
| why were slums an issue? | they were often unhygienic and overpopulated , this encouraged the spread of disease and filth but people were often too poor to change the situation |
| what is a philanthropist and why did they help the change? | they are rich people who aimed to help the poor (e.g. cadbury's and titus salt - in saltaire) they did this to improve living and working conditions of the poor as public opinion was moving away from the laissez- faire attitude |
| what did the labour party believe in? | helping the poor, using taxes to help improve britain and use major business profits to boost britain further |
| why did the liberals bring in new laws after they won the election? | because there was a lot of pressure to help the poor and they needed the votes from the poor in order to gain and stay in power |
| what laws did the liberal government introduce and when? | free school meals - 1906, free medical inspections for children - 1907, children and young people's act - 1908, old age pension act - 1908, labour exchanges - 1909, minimum wage act - 1909, national insurance act - 1911 |
| what is the national insurance act? | it helped cover medical costs , the employee and government would pay into it so that when they became ill they had money to live one it also helped those who would be unemployed throughout the year , themselves, their employer and the government would all pay into the scheme |
| what downsides were there to the liberal reform? | it didn't cover the whole population, it didn't cover families and women received less, it only covered a few industries not all, it didn't replace old Poor law so workhouses still existed till 1930 |
| who was the first woman to be legally qualified in medicine and when? | Elizabeth Blackwell in 1849 |
| who was the first female to be accepted as a qualified doctor, when and how? | Elizabeth Garret Anderson in 1865 after forcing the society of apothecaries to abide their own rules which they changed quickly after she was qualified to prevent a reoccurrence |
| when was the sex discrimination act brought in and what did it do? | 1975 and it meant that equal opportunities were available for both genders regarding employment |
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