Flashcards
4A.1
Cards in this deck (55)
- 1Variations in employment lead to significant economic and social inequalities. Give some examplesffi
- 2Economic activity in places has direct and indirect impacts on key social factors affecting us all. What are these key social factors?health
life expectancy
education levels - 3Economic activity may be measured by employment and output data. Give some examples?location quotients (LQ)
gross domestic product
gross value added - 4Places specialising in modern high tech industries, insurance and finance will generate 'new' money from their 'exports'. What effect will this have on other services?= positive multiplier effect on other services
- 5There are distinct patterns of economic sectors nationally. A North-South split has been identified in the location of what types of industy?manufacturing and financial services
- 6Such concentration, such as in information/communication/insurance and high tech industry may cause congestion, overcrowding and increased housing and land prices. Where can this be seen?as seen in the overheated South East of England -
South East and London - 7What might places needing regeneration need to do?to increase economic specialisation
or
diversify their economic structure - 8Differences in economic activities may be measured by variations in what 3 social characteristics?- health
- life expectancy
- education - 9Give information on health and income?g
- 10Give information on life expectancy and income?f
- 11Give information on education and income?fj
- 12Comment on the different pay for those working in primary sector/low level services compared to those in more skilled/professional sectorsnks
- 13There is huge disparity in incomes and cost of living nationally and locally. Prices of good and services vary regionally. Why do jobs in London come with the London allowance?London and South East are more expensive to live in than the rest of the UK
- 14In 2014: the richest 1% of the population recieved how much of all income? They accumulated as much wealth as what percentage of the poorest populations put together?earned 13% of all income
- accumulated as much as the poorest 55% of population - 15The top 10% of employees, mainly managers, directors and senior officials earned over how much annually?£53,248 annually - continued to rise through the 2008 recession and recovery
- 16The UK now has the most what per capita than any other country?the most amount of billionaires
- 17The bottom 10% of earners, with weekly wages of under £288. are concentrated in what type of occupations?customer service occupations - carers
- 18What % of the population are on 0-hour contracts or casual contracts?2% of labor force -
lack savings and forced into debt - 19The Uk has record numbers resorting to what?to food banks
- 20The Trussell Trust recorded that the number of people receiving 3 days or more worth of emergency food increased from what to what in 2014?increased from 26,000 in 2009 to over 900,000 in 2014
- 21What categories can we use when looking at inequality?econimic
social
service
environmental - 22Normally but not always, poverty, inequality and quality of life do what together?rise together
- 23However, inequality can be high in a society without high levels of poverty. What is this due to and where is this evident?due to large differences between top and middle of income spectrum
- evident in London
and even small villages - Easton outside Winchester - influx of wealthy commuters. - 24There are several respected international and national measurements/ indices of quality of life. What is the most well known?United National Human Health Index
- 25What is the best statistical source for detail on places within the UK?ONS -
neighbourhood statistics and Index of Multiple Deprivation
- now produces annual Measuring Well being: Life in the UK index - 26What did the 2014 results show people place importance on?economic security and job satisfaction, work life balance, education, training, local and natural environment
- 27What kind of continuum might the characteristics of places be placed on?rural- urban conituum
- 28Give examples of internal connections that places are shaped bypeople
employment
services
housing - 29Give examples of external connections that places are shaped bygovernment policies
globalisation
= drive the change that characterizes a place - 30Give examples of what might define place boundariesPLace boundaries may be official, administrative - electoral village
or functional - travel to work catchment areas. - 31A particularly important aspect of place is its meaning to individuals and to defined groups of people What does the meaning of places reflect?It reflects how people perceive, engage with and form attachments to particular places
- place boundaries may also be perceptual. - 32What is regeneration often designed to tackle?to tackle inequalities in either urban or rural areas
makes places economically productive/socially acceptable
Policies and programes may have different impacts on peoples lived experiences of change and their perception of places - 33A key factor in the creation of 'place' is the structure of the local economy. What will this directly or indirectly impact?the income and therefore lifestyles of individuals and communities -
hence, perception of a place - 34What does the employment structure refer to?How employment is classified
- by economic sector: primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary - 35What has happened to primary, secondary, tertiary sectors over time in the UK?Primary and Secondary = decline
Tertiary, Quarternary, Quinary = increased - 36In the 1980's, the Conservative government planned changes to the UK economy. What is this often referred to as?old economy
- 37Why were goods produced by primary (coal mining) and secondary (manufacturing) industries in the UK more expensive than goods produced overseas?- British coal = deeper underground, more costly to mine than other countries
- UK Wages higher than overseas = British products were more costly.
Growth of manufacturing in Asia + cheaper labor/land = cheaper imported goods - 38Large numbers of UK mines and manufacturing closed during the 1980s, creating derelict land. Employers like these has provided mainly full-time, well paid jobs. What areas of the UK were particularly affected by this?Northern England, Midlands, Wales and Scotland - unemployment soared
= areas with greatest number of manufacturing plants - 39To replace lost jobs in primary and secondary sectors, the government encouraged the growth of a new post industrial economy. What is this sometimes referred to as?new economy
- 40This growth took place in the tertiary and Quaternary sectors. Why did the tertiary sector, particularly tourism and retail grow?higher incomes, cheaper air travel and increased car ownership
- however, tourism = seasonal - 41How many of the jobs are different to the ones they replacedj
- 42The quarternary sector has shown the fastest growth, this is known as the knowledge economy. What type of jobs does it provide?highly specialized jobs - uses expertise in finance, law, banking and IT
- 43The quinery sector is an important aspect of this knowledge economy. Where has it created prosperity?distinctive areas of the UK,
- Cambridge triangle, M4 Corridor and London - 44Quarternary industires are normally footloose. What does this mean? How are locations often chosen?they can locate anywhere
often chosen according to financial incentives ( low tax rates)
connectivity (good transport links/fast broadband) - 45Where has growth in the quaternary sector been concentrated?London's Dockland
- 46As tertiary industry , especially quaternary and quinary sectors increase, what is social class being replaced by?levels of education and skills
- 47What is personal mobility now more dependent on?on access and opportunities for training than place of birth
- 48Access to higher levels of education at uni and apprenticeships allows those from traditionally working class/unskilled families to access what?higher paid and skilled jobs = higher standard of living = more positive perceptions
- 49Places have become less parochial. What does this mean Give an examplepeople are less narrow minded and tied to their place of birth than a century ago.
Uni graduates often settle in the place of training/close to job rather than close ot their family home - 50The process of industrialization and growth of high tech and knowledge industries - especially growth of science, technology and finances sector, have been encouraged by who and why?governments - aim: to create economic stability and growth.
- 51Places embracing growth employment sectors are able to become winners in a competitive, interlined world. Give examples of these placesManchester
London
M4 Corridor - 52Other places are relative losers, marginalized and even deprived in opportunity, facilities and standard of living Give an exampleCornwall
- 53Some places may start as winners and then develop into more marginalized places Give an exampleTeeside
and vice versa - Lake District - 54There are 3 main types of workers. What are they?- contracted - permanent/fixed.
- Workers - agency staff and volunteers
- Self employed (freelancers, consultants and contractors) - 55There are several controversial aspects of work. What are they?- gender gap: Narrowed by still exists. Men are paid 10% more than women
- 0 hour contracts - designed for casual work, no obligations by employer/employee
- temp/seasonal work has low pay: tourism/agriculture
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- Description
- Economies can be classified in different ways and vary from place to place
- Created by
- Amna Jamil
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