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| Question | Answer |
| Aims for reign | consolidate position settle religious issues peaceful settlement with France |
| Consolidation | Councillors not attempt alter succession: Mary/Philip recognised as heir. Nov. Nicholas Heath proclaimed E. successor - no legal rights = political elite behind her. 9 councillors pledge loyalty. William Cecil principal secretary. Based self in Tower - coronation Jan 1559. Smooth succession, problems harvests = food scarce expensive, influenza = ⬆️ mortality since Black Death, disaster F.P./lost calais. |
| Elizabethan Settlement | Reform priority: legal status church, nature services. Doubt nature church doctrine. |
| Act Supremacy 1559 | Royal Supremacy restored. Reformation legislation restored. Heresy law repealed. Royal control church restored = appoint commissioners amend abuses. Queen = 'supreme governor' not 'head' = God only leader/woman/concession. Oath supremacy taken clergy - deprived livings otherwise. |
| Act Uniformity 1559 | Appearance Churches - any practice since 1549 (1st prayer book) followed. Altar replaced w/ communion table - catholics still place objects on it. What priests should wear (catholic). Kept catholic appearance to church. Church attendance compulsory (or fined) - money collected to poor. Mass attendance big fine / saying mass = death. |
| Royal Injunctions 1559 | 57 injunctions: preachers licensed by bishops, preach at least once month, every church display English bible, pilgrimages outlawed, no more altars destroyed. |
| Prayer Book 1559 | With Act Uniformity = how services conducted. Fusion 1549 book & 1552 book. Compromised what protestants & catholics wanted worship. |
| Issue communion | Catholics believed transubstantiation. Protestants believed consubstantiation. Reformation picked careful path between & 1549/52 prayer books did same, more protestants. 1559 Book combination 1549/52. |
| Thirty Nine Articles 1563 | Years after Convocation of the Church produced definitive statement 'Anglicanism' = 1563, made law 1571. Remains basis church belief today. Made acceptable as many people as possible. |
| Impact Settlement | Undoubtedly protestant. Queen = 'English Deborah' / reluctant 'Deborah' (many councillors more protestant). Religious conservative = appoint bishops early (Matthew Parker Archbish = moderate). She disproved clerical marriage, preaching, protected cathedral music culture. |
| Impact... | Character settlement: 'An Apology of the Church of England' 1562 Bishop Salisbury = church returning true position catholics abandoned. Thirty nine articles 1563 = est. difference church England & Catholic Church. - supported reformed doctrine. Hope would calm religious tensions/escape warfare (e.g. France 1560s). 400 clergy deprived livings/all bishops at start refused oath. Compared 800 fled Mary I - scale refusal 1559-1563 not bad. |
| Impact... | some localised opposition. some priests ignored new prayer book. Survey JPs 1564 = 1/2 relied support settlement. Strongest opposition = financial aspects - extended plundering through ACT OF EXCHANGE 1559 = take property bishops / force them only rent land to her (more threat). |
| Foreign Policy - Scotland | 1559 Francis II king (Mary) - French troops garrison Scotland = alarm radical calvansists (John Knox) - Scottish Reformation - Eli reluctant help Protestants - Cecil wanted = more secure w/o French presence. Most councillors not aggressive, Cecil persuaded Eli (threat resign) = intervention Dec 1559 - Navy block firth forth. Lords Congregation = Treaty Berwick 1560 = army blocked Leith = siege failed (French withdrew anyway fleet damaged Mary Guise died) = success Treaty Edinburgh 1560: congregation gov, Guise faction fell, Mary no longer influence French policy, Scottish protestants protected. |
| Intervention France | Treaty Cateau Cambresis 1559 - end war France = France retain Calais 8 years, or pay 500,000 crowns. Catholic v Huguenots 1562 - R.Dudley (Earl Leicester) = action to return calais. Prince Conde promised 6000 men / £30,000 (control Port Le Havre security). Conde captured /defeated - English driven out = Treaty Troyes 1564: indemnity Cateau Cambresis lost, Calais lost. |
| Economy | Bad harvests, ⬆️ death, ⬆️ tax, ⬇️ real wages = fear social instability. Death rate = labour supply ⬇️ / bargaining power ⬆️. Gov rely 2 ineffective mechanisms solve problems - JPs / royal proclamations. |
| Statute Artificers 1563 | Wage problem: compulsory labour, min. 1 year hire workmen, max wage rates set by JPs each county. Gov. lacked powers enforcement. |
| Poor Relief | Causes: ⬆️ population, ⬇️ real wages, ⬆️ prices. Harvest failures = no food (mid-1550s). Cecil worried poor pose threat law & order. Distinction 'deserving' 'undeserving' poor - former = assistance (widows, disabled). Pre-Reformation church responsibility - continued 1552/55 efforts. 1563 Act = haphazard across country. |
| Stabilising currency | Withdrawal debased coins / replacement minted coins. Prices continued rise, Gov not blamed anymore. |
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