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Description
Flashcards by Chloe Adams, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Chloe Adams
almost 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Gender patterns in crime | Most crime is committed by males. 4/5 convicted offenders are male. Higher proportion of females than males who commit property crimes. Men are more likely to commit "serious" crime like murder. |
| The chivalry thesis | Argues that the criminal justice system's members are socialised into being more chivalrous towards women. Therefore more lenient towards women. Crimes less likely to end up in official statistics - invalid picture of female offending rates. In self report studies rather than the official statistics, the gender gap in offending was smaller. Seems to support chivalry thesis 1/9 female offenders get a custodial sentence for shoplifting but 1/5 males do. |
| Evidence against the chivalry thesis | Self report studies reveal that men genuinely do commit more offences Men more likely to report themselves taking drugs/disorderly conduct HALES - men more likely to be offenders in all categories of crime. Ignores that many male crimes do not get reported - e.g domestic violence. |
| Bias against women, rather than in favour of them, in the criminal justice system. | Heidensohn - Courts treat women far more harshly when they deviate from their gender role. e.g - punishing women more for promiscuity Carlen - judges more likely to jail women whose children are in care rather than those who they deemed good mothers This is because the CJS is patriarchal - double standards. Rape cases - judges may be sexist or victim blaming. |
| Explaining female crime: Functionalist sex role theory | Differences in socialisation Boys socialised into being tough and risk taking which may make them more likely to be criminals. PARSONS: boys reject feminine models of behaviour, eg tenderness and emotion. They seek to distance themselves and engage in "compensatory compulsory masculinity" e.g through antisocial behaviour. Traditional nuclear family it is the mother that socialises, boys lack this role model at home (especially in lone mother families) |
| Heidensohn: patriarchal control | Women commit less crime than men because under patriarchy their behaviour is more conformist They are controlled and have reduced opportunities to offend Domestic role and childcare gives time restrictions and less ability to go out. Daughters are less likely to be allowed to come and go as they please Women controlled in public due to the fear of male violence - sensationalist media influences this Glass ceiling means women are less likely to be in "high up" positions to be able to commit corporate crime |
| Carlen: class and gender deals | Working class women more likely to conform due to the promise of 2 types of reward/deals Class deal: women who work will be offered material rewards Gender deal: women who succumb to patriarchal ideology will get material and emotional rewards from the nuclear family. If these rewards are not available or worth it, crime is more likely. Class deals: women who had experienced poverty felt powerless. Gender deals: Some women had been abused by fathers/partners. |
| Adler: Liberation thesis. | As women become liberated from patriarchal control, their crime rates will become similar to those of men. Led to a new type of criminal and a rise in the crime rate Women now commit typically "male" offences. Due to womens greater self confidence and more legitimate opportunities. |
| Criticisms of the liberation thesis | Female crime rates have been rising since before the womens liberation movement Most female criminals are working class - the group least likely to be liberated Branches of "male" crime such as drugs are crossovers with female crime areas such as prostitution |
| Women and violent crime | sharp increase in arrests and convictions for violent crimes for women however, there are arguments that they may not actually be increasing their involvement rise in arrests is due to the CJS "widening the net" - arresting for less serious forms of violence than they had previously. |
| A moral panic about girls | Increased crime for girls is a social construction stemming from a moral panic Self fulfilling prophecy - Judges influenced by media stereotypes of violent "ladettes" Reports of girls misbehaviour leads to a tougher stance which means there are more convictions which means the prophecy is fulfilled. |
| Gender and victimisation | 70% of homicide victims are male Fewer women than men are victims of violence However women were more likely to be victims of domestic abuse |
| Why men commit crime: Masculinity and crime, Messerschmidt | Messerschmidt: masculinity is a social construct/accomplishment. Different types of masculinity exist but hegemonic masculinity is the most aspired to -work in the paid labour market, subordination of women, heterosexism. Some men, eg gay men may have subordinated masculinities Crime and deviance: resources that some men use to accomplish masculinity e.g black men express masculinity through gang violence. |
| Criticisms of Messerschmidt | More a description of male offenders than an explanation for male criminality Doesnt explain why not all men use crime to accomplish masculinity |
| Winlow: postmodernity masculinity and crime | Postmodernity has seen a loss of traditional manual jobs through which men could express their masculinity. Expansion of the service sector eg nightclubs which provide young working class men with a combination of legal employment, eg as bouncers, expression of masculinity and criminal opportunities - eg in drugs. |
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