9610644
Description
Flashcards by Haley Kish, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Haley Kish
almost 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What aspect of the vertebral column does the skull rest on? | the superior aspect |
| how many bones does the skull have and what are their groups? | 22. Cranial and Facial |
| How many cranial bones are there? facial? | 8 and 14 |
| What are the two groups of cranial bones? Which bones belong to which group? | Calvaria- Frontal, Occipital, and parietals. Floor- Ethmoid, Sphenoid, and temporals |
| what do the facial bones provide? | -structure, shape, and support for the face -protective housing for respiratory and digestive tracts |
| what is the spongy tissue in bone called? | diploe |
| what is the only bone of the cranium not joined by a suture? | mandible |
| what are the 4 sutures of the skull? | coronal, squamosal. lambdoidal, and sagittal |
| which suture is found between the frontal and parietal bones? | coronal |
| which suture is found on the top of the head between the parietal bones? | sagittal |
| what is the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures called? | bregma |
| which suture is found between the temporal and parietal bones? | Squamosal |
| which suture is found between the occipital and parietal bones? | Lambdoidal |
| what is the junction of the lambdoidal and sagittal sutures? | Lambda |
| What is the pterion and what aspect of the skull is it on? | the junction of the parietal bone, squamosal suture, and greater wing of spenoid. Lateral aspect |
| what is the asterion? | the junction of the occipital bone, parietal bone, and mastoid portion of the temporal bone |
| what is a fontanel? | six areas of incomplete ossification in the infant skull |
| where is the anterior fontanel located? | the junction of the frontal and parietal bones at the bregma |
| where is the posterior fontanel located? | at the lambda |
| where are the sphenoidal fontanelles located? | pterion |
| where are the mastoid fontanelles located? | asterion |
| during which time period do the sphenoidal and posterior fontanelles close? | 1-3 months |
| during which time period do the mastoid and anterior fontanelles close? | 2 years |
| when is adult density of the brain achieved? | 12 years |
| what are the three regions of the cranial floor? | anterior, middle, and posterior |
| where does the anterior cranial fossa extend to? | anterior frontal bone to lesser wings of the sohenoid |
| where does the middle cranial fossa extend to? | lesser wings of sphenoid to apices of petrous regions |
| what is the deep depression posterior to the petrous ridges? what does is protect? | posterior cranial fossa. cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata |
| what is a typical skull called? what angle does it form with the MSP? | mesocephalic, 47 |
| What is a shorter, wider skull called? what angle does it form with the MSP? | Bracycephalic, 54 |
| What is the longer, narrower skull called? what angle does it form with the MSP? | Dolicocephalic, 40 |
| what are typical skull measurements? | 6 inches side to side, 7 inches front to back, 9 inches deep |
| how far does the deviation of normal head length vary? | 1 inch |
| what is the vertical portion of the frontal bone called? what does it form? | squama, forehead and anterior part of vault |
| what does the horizontal portion of the frontal bone form? | orbital plates, roof of nasal cavity, greater part of anterior cranial fossa |
| where is the frontal eminence located? | superior portion of the squama on each side of MSP |
| where are the superciliary ridges located? | below frontal eminence above the supraorbital margin |
| what is the supraorbital foramen and where is it located? | opening for nerves and blood vessels, in the center of the supraorbital margin |
| where are the frontal sinuses located? | between the two tables of the squama on each side of the MSP |
| what does the squama articulate with and where? | parietal bones at the coronal suture, greater wing of sphenoid at the frontosphenoidal suture and nasal bones at frontonasal suture |
| what cranial bones does the frontal bone articulate with? | parietals, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones |
| what seperates the orbital plates? | the ethmoid notch |
| where is the nasal spine located? | the anterior edge of the ethmoiidal notch |
| what do the posterior margin of the orbital plates articulate with? | the lesser wing of sphenoid |
| what does the ethmoid bone consist of? | vertical and horizontal portions, two labyrinths |
| what is a labyrinth? | spongy lateral mass |
| where is the ethmoid bone located? what does is form? | between the orbits, anterior cranial fossa, nasal cavity, orbital walls, and bony nasal septum |
| what is the horizontal portion of the ethmoid bone called? Vertical? | cribiform plate, perpendicular plate |
| why is there foramina in the cribiform plate? | for the transmission of olfactory nerves |
| what is the thick, conical process of the ethmoid bone? what does this serve as an attachment for? | crista galli, the falx cerebri |
| what do the labyrinths contain? | ethmoid sinuses(air cells) |
| what do the walls of the labyrinths form? | medial walls of orbits, lateral walls of the nasal cavity |
| what are the two thin, scroll like processes on the medial walls of the labyrinth? | superior and middle nasal conchae |
| what cranial bones does the ethmoid bone articulate with? | frontal and sphenoid bones |
| what do the parietal bones form? | large portion of the sides of the and posterior portion of the cranial roof |
| where do the parietal bones articulate with each other? | sagittal suture on the MSP |
| what is the buldge near the central portion of the external surface of each parietal bone called? | parietal eminence |
| Where should the width of the head be measured? | the parietal eminence |
| which cranial bones do the parietal bones articulate with? | frontal, temporal, occipital, sphenoidal, and each other |
| what does the sphenoid bone resemble? | a bat with extended wings |
| where is the sphenoid bone located? | in the cranial base anterior to the temporal bones and occipital bone |
| what does the sphenoid consist of? | body, two lesser wings, and two greater wings |
| what are the spenoid sinuses seperated by and where are they located? | a median septum, body of sphenoid |
| what does the anterior part of the sphenoid body form? | posterior bony wall of the nasal cavity |
| what is the sella turcica and where is it located? | a deep depression on the superior surface of the sphenoid |
| what does the sella turcica contain? | pituitary gland |
| where exactly does the sella turcica lie in relation to the EAM | 3/4 inch anterior and 3/4 superior |
| what bounds the sella turcica? | tuberculum sellae anteriorly and dorsum sellae posteriorly |
| what is the clivus? | the slanted area of bone posterior and inferior to the dorsum sellae that continues to the basillar portion of the occipital bone |
| what does the clivus support? | the pons |
| what is the carotid sulcus and where is it located? | groove on both sides of the sella turcica that contains the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus |
| where does the optic groove extend to? | across the anterior part of the tuberculum sellae it ends on both sides of the optic canal |
| what is the optic canal? | the opening to the apex of the orbit |
| what do the lesser wings of the sphenoid form? | the posteromedial portion of the anterior cranial fossa upper margin of the superior orbirtal fissures and optic canals |
| what forms the anterior clinoid process? | medial ends of posterior borders of the lesser wings of the sphenoid |
| what do the greater wings of the sphenoid form? | middle cranial fossa, walls of orbits, superior orbital sulci, and posterior margin of the inferior orbital sulci |
| where are the Pterygoid processes located and what do they consist of? | inferior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone and the medial and lateral pterygoid laminae, |
| which bones of the cranium does the sphenoid articulate with | all other cranial bones |
| what part of the cranium is the occipital bone located on? | posterioinferior |
| what does the occipital bone form? | posterior half of the base of cranium and greater part of posterior cranial fossa |
| what are the four parts of the occipital bone? | squama, two condyles, and basilar portion |
| what passes through the foramen magnum to exit the cranial cavity and joins the spinal cord | medulla oblongata |
| what cranial bones does the squama articulate with? | parietal bones at the lambdoidal sutures |
| where is the inion located? | external surface of the squama between summit and foramen magnum |
| what are the occipitoatlantal joints | the only bony articulations between the head and neck |
| where are the hypoglossal canals found? what do they do? | anterior ends of condyles, transmit hypoglossal nerves |
| where are the condylar canals found and what do they do? | posterior end of condyles. emissary veins pass |
| where is the jugular foramen? | anterior portion of the occipital bone |
| what does the jugular foramen do? | lets blood drain from vein, allows 3 cranial nerves to pass through |
| what cranial bones does the occipital bone articulate with? | parietals, temporals, sphenoid, and first cervical vertebrae |
| where are the temporal bones located? | between greater wings of sphenoid and occipital bone |
| what do the temporal bones form? | large part of the middle fossa of cranium and small part of the posterior fossa |
| what do the temporal bones consist of? | squamos portion, tympanic portion, styloid process, zygomatic process, and petromastoid portion |
| what forms the temporomandibular joint(TMJ) | the mandibular fossa and the mandibular condyle |
| how long is the EAM? | 1 inch in length |
| is the mastoid process larger in males or females? | males |
| what is the name given to the first mastoid air cell to develop? | mastoid antrum |
| what is the thickest, densest bone in the cranium? | the petrous pyramid |
| where is the IAM located? | at the center of the posterior aspect of the petrous portion |
| what is the upper border of the petrous portion referred to as? | petrous ridge |
| which bones of the cranium do the temporal bones articulate with? | parietal, occipital, and sphenoid bones |
| what are the 3 main divisions of the hearing organs? | external ear, middle ear, and inferior ear |
| what are the two main parts of the external ear? | auricle and EAM |
| what does the middle ear consist of? | tympanic membrane membrane, cavity, and auditory ossicles |
| how long is the auditory tube? | 1 1/4 inches |
| which 3 bones permit vibratory motion? | malleous, incus, and stapes |
| what does the inner ear contain? | essential sensort apparatus of hearing and equilibrium |
| what are the 3 parts of the bony labyrinth of the ear? | cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals |
| what do the two nasal bones form? | bridge of the nose |
| what do the nasal bones articulate with? | ethmoid bone, each other, frontal bone |
| what are the two smallest bones in the skull? | lacrimal bones |
| where are the lacrimal bones located? | medial wall of orbits, between labyrinth of ethmoid bone and maxilla |
| what do the lacrimal bones and the maxillae form? | the lacrimal fossae |
| what does each lacrimal bone contain? | a lacrimal foramen which a tear duct passes through |
| what do the lacrimal bones articulate with? | frontal and ethmoid bones, maxilla and inferior nasal concha |
| which projections can the lacrimal bones be seen on? | PA and lateral |
| which are the largest and immovable facial bones? | maxillary bones |
| which bones do the maxillary bones articulate with? | all facial except mandible. frontal and ethmoid bones |
| what do the maxillary bones form? | floor of nasal cavity, orbital cavities, roof of mouth |
| what does the maxillary sinus empty into? | nasal cavity |
| where is the alveolar process? what is it? | inferior borders of maxillae, spongy ridge that supports teeth |
| what is the midpoint of the anterior nasal spine called? | acanthion |
| what do the zygomatic bones form? | prominence of cheeks |
| what forms the zygomatic arch? | temporal process and zygomatic process of temporal bone |
| what does the zygomatic bone articulate with? | frontal bone, zygomatic process of temporal bone, maxilla and sphenoid |
| which two bones are L shaped? | palatine bones |
| what are the palatine bones composed of? | vertical and horizontal plates |
| what do the horizontal plates of the palatine bones articulate with? veritcal? | maxillae, maxillae and pterygoid process |
| why are the nasal conchae covered in a mucous membrane? | to warm, moisten, and cleanse inhaled air |
| where is the vomer located? | MSP on the floor of nasal cavity |
| what does the mandible consist of? | body, two rami |
| what forms the gonion? | rami of mandible |
| what is the most anterior part of the mandible? | symphysis |
| what seperates the coronoid and condylar processes of the mandible? | mandibular notch |
| the TMJ slants posteriorly and inferiorly how many degrees? | 15 degrees |
| what shape is the hyoid bone? | U shaped |
| where is the hyoid bone located? | base of tongue |
| what holds the hyoid bone in place? | stylohyoid ligaments |
| which bone of the skull is not an accessory bone? | hyoid |
| what is the only bone in the body that doesnt articulate with another bone? | hyoid |
| what does the hyoid bone consist of? | body, 2 greater and lesser cornua |
| how many different bones does each orbit consist of? | seven |
| how many cranial bones make up the orbit? what are they? | 3, frontnal, sphenoid, and ethmoid |
| how many facial bones make up the orbit? what are they? | 4, maxilla, zygoma, lacrimal, and palatine |
| which bones form the circumference of the orbit? | frontal, zygoma, and maxilla |
| what are the sutures of the skull connected by? | a thin layer of fibrous tissue |
| what kind of joints are in the skull? | fibrous joints |
| what type of joint is the TMJ? | synovial |
| what are the paranasal sinuses? | air containing cavities situated in the frontal, ethomoid, and sphenoidal bones |
| what are the purposes of the paranasal sinuses? | resonating chamber for the voice, decrease the weight of the skull, warm and moisten air, shock absorbers, control immune system |
| which sinuses are present at birth? | maxillary |
| which sinuses develop around the age of 6? | frontal and sphenoidal |
| which sinuses develop during puberty? | ethmoid |
| what do the sinuses communicate with? | other sinuses and nasal cavity |
| which sinuses are the largest? | maxillary |
| what shape are the maxillary sinuses? how many walls do they have? | pyramidal, 3 walls |
| what are the second largest sinuses? | frontal |
| where are the frontal sinuses located? | between tables of the veritcal plate of frontal bone |
| which sinus can be absent? | frontal |
| where do the maxillary, ethmoid, and frontal sinuses drain? | middle nasal meatus |
| where are the ethmoidal sinuses located? | lateral mass of the labyrinths of ethmoid bone |
| how many cells are in the middle and anterior air cells? | 2 to 8 |
| how many cells are in the posterior air cells? | 2 to 6 |
| where are the sphenoidal sinuses located? | below sella turcica |
| where do the sphenoidal sinuses empty into | sphenoethmoidal recess of the nasal cavity |
| what degree angle exists between the OML and IOML in the adult? | 7 degrees |
| what degree angle exists between the OML and glabellomeatal line in the adult? | 8 degrees |
| Lateral Projection(cranium) patient position part position CR IR Respiration collimation | PP: anterior oblique pp: side of interest closer to IR, MSP parallel to IR, IOML perpendicular to front edge, parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR CR: 2 in above EAM IR: Perpendicular R: suspend C: 10 x12 |
| Dorsal Decubitus(cranium) | same as lateral except IR placement |
| PA(cranium) Part Position Patient Position CR IR Respiration collimation | PP: prone or seated, MSP centered, forehead and nose on bucky pp: OML perpendicular to IR CR: nasion for PA(frontal bone), 20 to 25 caudad to midorbits(orbital fissures), 15 degrees caudad to nasion IR: to nasion Respiration: suspend Collimation: 10 x 12 |
| PA axial caldwell(cranium) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | everything same as PA except CR is 15 degrees caudad |
| AP(cranium) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | PP: supine, MSP centered,OML perpendicular to IR CR: perpendicular to nasion IR: perpendicular to CR R: suspend C: 10x12 |
| AP axial(cranium) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | same as AP except CR is 15 degrees cephalad |
| AP Axial Towne(cranium) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | PP: supine, MSP centered pp: OML perpendicular to IR CR: through foramen magnum at 30 degrees caudad to OML or 37 degrees to IOML IR: top at cranial vertex R: suspend C: 10 x 12 |
| PA axial (Haas) cranium Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | PP: prone, MSP centered pp: forehead and nose on table, OML perpendicular to IR CR: 25 degrees cephalad to the OML, enters 1.5 inches below inion R: suspend C: 10x12 |
| SMV(cranium) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | PP: IOML parrallel to IR, MSP perpendicular CR: through sella turcica to IOML between mandible angles, 3/4 inch anterior to EAM R: suspend C: 10 x 12 |
| Lateral(orbits) Part position CR Respiration | PP: outer canthus of affected eye adjacent to midpoint of IR pp: IPL perpendicular to IR CR: perpendicular through outer canthus R: suspend |
| Parietocanthial waters(orbits) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | PP: prone, MSP centered pp: chin extended, OML at 37 degree angle, MML perpendicular CR: perpendicular to ancanthion IR: center to acanthion R: suspend C: 6 x 10 |
| PA axial Caldwell(orbits) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | PP: prone, forehead and nose on bucky, OML perpendicular to IR, eyes closed IR: 3/4 distal to nasion CR: 30 degrees caudad through center of orbits |
| modified waters(orbits) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | OML forms 50 degree angle with IR IR: to orbits CR: through midorbits |
| lateral(facial) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | pp: anterior oblique, MSP parallel, IPL perpendicular CR: zygomatic bone, halfway between outer canthus and EAM IR: perpendicular to CR C: 6 x 10 |
| Parietocanthial bones waters(facial) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | pp: prone, MSP centered, chin extended, OML 37 degree angle to IR, MML perpendicular IR: acanthion CR: acanthion C: 8 x 10 |
| reverse Parietocanthial(facial) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | pp: supine, MSP centered, OML at 37 degree angle, MSP perpendicular CR and IR: acanthion C: 10 x 12 |
| PA axial caldwell(facial) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | PP: prone, MSP centered, forehead and nose touching bucky, OML and MSP perpendicular IR: nasion CR: 15 degrees caudad exits nasion, for orbital rims 30 degrees caudad C: 10 x 12 |
| Lateral(nasal) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | pp: recumbant anterior oblique, MSP of head horizontal and parallel with table, IPL perpendicular, IOML parallel CR: bridge of nose, 1/2 inch distal to nasion C: 3 x 3 |
| Parietocanthial waters(nasal) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | pp: prone, MSP centered to midline, chin extended, OML 37 degree angle with IR, MML perpendicular, MSP perpendicular CR: midway between nasion and acanthion C: 3 x 3 |
| PA axial Caldwell(nasal) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | pp: prone, MSP centered, forehead and nose touching bucky, OML and MSP perpendicular IR: nasion CR: 15 degrees caudad to nasion C: 3x3 |
| SMV(zygomatic arches) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | pp: supine, extend neck, IOML parallel to IR, MSP perpendicular CR: throat, 1 inch posterior to outer canthi IR: CR C: 8 x 10 |
| Parietocanthial Waters(zygomatic arches) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | pp: prone, MSP centered, extend chin tip, OML at 37 degree angle to IR, MML perpendicular to IR, MSP perpendicular CR: acanthion IR: acanthion C: 8 x 10 |
| tangential(zygomatic arches) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | pp: upright, back against bucky, extend neck, OML parallel to IR, MSP of head 15 degrees toward side being examined, top of head 15 degrees away from side being examined. CR: zygomatic arch, 1 inch posterior to outer canthus IR: zygomatic arch C: 8 x 10 |
| AP axial modified towne's(zygomatic arches) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | pp: upright or supine, MSP and OML perpendicular to IR CR: 30 degrees caudad to glabella, 1 inch above nasion. IR: CR C: 8 x 10 |
| PA(mandible) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | pp: prone or upright facing bucky, forehead and nose on IR, OML and MSP perpendicular CR: acanthion IR: CR C: 8 x 10 |
| PA axial(mandible) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | pp: prone or upright facing bucky, forehead and nose on bucky, OML and MSP perpendicular to IR CR: 20-25 degrees cephalad, acanthion IR: CR C: 8 x 10 |
| AP axial towne(mandible) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | pp: supine, MSP centered, MSP and OML perpendicular, mandibular symphysis parallel with IR, AML perpendicular to IR CR: 30 degrees caudad, between TMJ's IR: CR C: 8 x 10 |
| PA modified waters(mandible) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | pp: prone or erect, MSP centered, nose and chin on bucky, AML and MSP perpendicular CR: perpendicular to lips |
| Axiolateral(mandible) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | pp: anterior oblique position, semi prone, IPL perpendicular, mouth closed, mandibular body parallel, rotation of head to different body parts: rami: head true lateral body: head 30 degrees toward IR symphysis: head 45 degrees toward IR CR: 25 degrees cephalad through region of interest IR: CR C: 8 x 10 |
| SMV(mandible) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | pp: upright or supine, MSP perpendicular and centered, IOML parallel, neck extended CR: through sella turcica, perpendicular to IOML, between mandible angles, 3/4 inch anterior to EAM IR: CR C: 8 x 10 |
| AP axial townes(TMJ's) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | pp: supine or upright, posterior skull touching bucky, MSP and OML perpendicular CR: 35 degrees caudad, between TMJ's, 3 inches above nasion C: 8 x 10 |
| Axial Modified Shueller(mandible) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | pp: semi prone or upright, one with mouth closed and one with mouth open , MSP parallel, IPL perpendicular, affected side closest, lateral position CR: 25-30 degrees caudad, 1/2 inch anterior and 2 inches superior to EAM C: 8 x 10 |
| Axiolateral Oblique modified law(TMJ's) Part position patient position CR IR Respiration Collimation | pp: semi prone or upright, one with mouth closed and one with mouth open IR: 1/2 inch anterior to EAM, MSP 15 degrees towards IR, IPL perpendicular, AML parallel to IR CR: 15 degrees caudad, exits TMJ closer to IR, 11/2 inches superior to EAM C: 8 x 10 |
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