Caves, arches, stacks stumps

caves occur when waves force their way into cracks in the cliff face

If the cave is formed in a headland, it may eventually break through to the other side forming an arch

the water contains sand that grind away at the rock until the cracks become a cave. Hydraulic action is the predominant process.

the arch will gradually become bigger until it can no longer support the top of the arch

when the arch collapses, it leaves the headland on one side and a stack on the other.

the stack will be attacked at the base. this weakens the structure and will collapse to form a stump