CLAUSES

CLAUSES

1. What is a clause?

   • A clause is a grouo of words containing a subject and a predicate.

2. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

   • Clauses that can stand alone
     • EXAMPLE: *Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemmings lived in Paris for a time (SUBJECT + VERB)
   • Independent Clauses can be written as individual sentences, or they can be joined as one sentence. One way to join them is by using a comma and a coordinating conjunction after the first INDP C. Two or more IND Clauses by FANBOYS.
     • EXAMPLE: *Dan wrote a research paper on motivation. He submitted it for publication ___ *Dan wrote a research paper on motivation, and he submitted it for publication

3. DEPENDENT CLAUSE

   • Clauses that do not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone
     • EXAMPLE: *When the president arrives
   • Three kinds of dependent / subordinate clauses:
     • ADJECTIVE CLAUSE: Adjective clauses are groups of words that act as an adjective in a sentence.
       • They should answer questions like “what kind?” or “which one?” and follow one of two patterns: Pronoun/adverb + subject + verb, or pronoun/adverb as subject + verb. EXAMPLE: Whichever flavor of popcorn you have
       • They have a pronoun (who, that, which) or an adverb (what, where, why) and a verb; or, a pronoun or an adverb that serves as subject and a verb.
     • NOUNC CLAUSES: A noun clause is a group of words that acts as a noun in a sentence. They begin with relative pronouns like “how,” “which,” “who,” or “what,” combined with a subject and predicate.
       • EXAMPLE: *The dog can eat what he wants. Here, “what he wants” stands as a noun for what the dog can eat. It’s a noun clause because it has a subject (he) and a predicate (wants).
       • NOUN CLAUSES CAN BE: *Play the role of a noun: I expected to get a prize. *Subject of a verb: What he said was true. *The object of a trasnsitive verb: He says that he wan´t go. *The object of a preposition: Pay careful attention to what I am going to say.
     • Adverb clause is a group of words that work as an adverb in a sentence, answering questions asking “where?”, “when,” “how?” and “why?” They begin with a subordinate conjuction.
       • KINDS OF ADVERB CLAUSES:
         • TIME: whenever, while, after, before, since, as. *I will do it when I think. *Do it before you forget.
           • PLACE: where, wherever. * They can stay where they are. *Where you live I will live.
             • PURPOSE: So that, in order that, lest. *I will give you a map so that you find the way. * Sleep not lest your Lord come in the night.
               • CAUSE/ REASON: Because, as, since, that. *Because I believe you, I shall help you. * He was very pleased that you have passed.
                 • CONDITION (1): If, whether, unless. * If I like it, I shall buy it. *Unless you work hard you will fail. *Come, if you wish to.
                   • CONDITION (2): Sometimes the subordinating conjunction is omitted. *What would you answer did I ask you such a question?
             • RESULT/CONSEQUENCE: That (So or such may precede principal clause) *He is such a good man that all respect him
               • COMPARISON (DEGREE): Than as a relative adverb. *He is older than he looks. (MANNER): You many do as you please
                 • SUPPOSITION/CONCESSION: Though, although, even if: *Even if it rains I shall come. *I would not do it even if you paid me.