Motivational Techniques for Effective Learning: A Meta-Analysis

Motivational Techniques for Effective Learning: A Meta-Analysis

1. Motivation plays a pivotal role in the process of learning. Both motivation and learning go side by side. Accordíng to most psychologists motivation is essential for effective learning.

   • How does literalure ex plain thc concept of rnotivation. its types and lheorics?
     • Motivation is the combination of the forces that can arouse, directs and continue certain type of hehaviour. The word 'Motivation' is derived from motus, movere, which means move. lt is the pbenomenon involved in a person's derives and goal-oriented behaviour.
       • Motivation can be characterized by following elements: Need or expectation; Behaviour; Goal; Some form or feedback.
   • Types of Motivation Generally there are two types of motivation: EXTRINSIC: Here stimulus is outside the person, it caan be there in the form of operant conditioning or social cognition. Refers to performance of a task for attaining an outcome. It may be in the form of some kind reward, social approval or appreciation, etc. INTRINSIC: Here stimulus is internal to the person; i can be biological, emotional, spiritual or social. This is driven by an interest or enjoyment which a person feels in a task. It is within the individual and does not rely on external pressure.
     • However, some other following types of motivation are also found in literature:
       • Instrumental motivation: It is extrinsic in nature where students perform activity in order to obtain tangible rewards. Social motivation: Here students perform a task in order to earn praise from those they respect or admire e.g. teachers, parents, etc. Achievement motivation: Here students learn a hope of success. Assubel has suggested three elements in this type of motivation: COGNITIVE DRIVE, SELF ENHANCEMENT, AFFILIATION MOTIVATION & INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
   • General Approaches to Motivation
     • HUMANISTIC APPROACH: To motivate means to arouse individual´s inner resources. They see individual as whole whose physical, emotional and intellectual needs.
       • BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH: According to them, behaviour of a student is the product of ome incentive present there in the form of a reward or a punishment.
         • COGNITIVE APPROACH: According to cognitive approach people are active and curious and tey search information to solve their problems.
           • SOCIO-CULTURAL APPROACH: We belong to certain sciety and if we narrow down our approach we belong to a certain group. And we want to maintain our identity and interpersonal relations within that group. We learn by the company we keep.