PRAGMATICS

PRAGMATICS

1. People interactions, beliefs, contexts, settings and more

2. ≠

   • SYNTAX
     • The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-framed sentences in a language
   • SEMANTICS
     • Relating to meaning in language logic
       • LEXICOGRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE
         • IMPLICIT FORMAL KNOWLEDGE OF GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY
         • PRAGMATIC COMETENCE INTERNALIZED RULES

3. Pragmatics entails

   • SPEAKER MEANING
     • Analysis of what people mean by their utterances.
     • Can only be understood when taking into account
       • CONTEXTUAL MEANING
     • INTERFERANCE
       • PRESUPOSITION
         • SHARED KNOWLEDGE
           • Succesful communication
             • Social function
               • SPEECH ACTS
                 • Performative verbs
                   • Such as: apologize, complain, compliment, request & promise
                 • Contextual elements
                   • Helps imterprete the speaker's intention
                 • Locutionary meaning
                   • Based on the meaning of the linguistic expressions
                 • Illocutionary force
                   • Acts as a request
                 • Perlocutionary force
                   • The effect the act has on the addressee
                 • TYPES
                   • Declaratives/Performatives
                     • "Change the world"
                   • Expressives
                     • Express psychological states of the speaker or the hearer
                   • Representatives
                     • Enable the speaker to express feelings, beliefs, assertions, illustrations and the like
                   • Directives
                     • Enable the speaker to impose some actions on the hearer
                   • Commissives
                     • Enable the speaker to commit themselves to future actions
             • COOPERATION & IMPLICATURE
               • COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES
                 • 1- THE MAXIM OF QUANTITY
                 • 2-THE MAXIM OF QUALITY
                 • 3- THE MAXIM OF RELATION
                 • 4- THE MAXIM OF MANNER
             • POLITENESS
               • Accompanied by eye gaze, body language
               • Deals with perfeptions, expectations and strategies
                 • SOCIAL HARMONY
                   • Illocutionary functions by Leech
                     • COMPETITIVE
                     • CONVIVAL
                     • NEUTRAL
                     • CONFLICTIVE
               • ≠ CULTURES
                 • NEGATIVE POLITENESS
                   • Avoids impossition
                 • POSITIVE POLITENESS
                   • Impose impossition
               • POLITENESS PRINCIPLES (PP)
                 • COST-BENEFIT SCALE
                   • Cost to hearer
                   • Benefit to hearer
               • CONSIDERATION
                 • Degree of DIRECTNESS in speech acts
                   • CONVENTIONALLY INDIRECT realization patterns
                     • Harder to interpret
                     • Not always obvious to 2nd language learners
         • MISJUDGE SHARED KNOWLEDGE
           • Misscommunication
       • IMPLICATION
         • These interferences go beyond the words themselves, yet are generally predictable from the linguistic forms chosen