Imprisonment

1. Ultitarian: reduce recidivism
2. Humanitarian: offenders are typically victims of circumstance and need rehabilitation

1. Cost money and resources

   Annotations:

   • Home Office "Imprisonment is an expensive way of making bad people worse"
   • WoolfReport : Prisons are -Destruction to family -Lack of Respect (prisoner) -Unsanitary condition -No redress for injuries -Negative regime
   • Prison Population: Men=83,667(17% increase): 15-17 yrs 2,048; 18-20yrs 9,405: adults; 67,705 Women=4,296 (5%increase): 15-17yrs 54; 18-21 yrs 370; adults 3,812  

1. Prisoners are in a constant state of anxiety or disengaged in a form of psychological absenteeism
   1. "Deprivation" 'pains' in prison leades to 'profound hurt'

      Annotations:

      • 5 specific Pains 1.Loss of Liberity- removal of friends 2. Good and service- no choice or no material choice 3. Frustration of sexual desire 4.Automy- routine work, restricted 5.Personal settings-personal associations with unpredictable prisoners; causing anxiety, fear, and ''starting to fight'' for safety of possessions
2. Psychologically

   Annotations:

   • Butsell and Iman (1980)- 10 studies Crowding effects personal functioning Deteioartion results from poor adaption to surrounding

Annotations:

• Groups of prisoners with a leader whose negative behaviour adversly impacts on the prisoners that hold them

1. Power through finance
2. Gangs are active; large amounts of drugs, assualts, exortation and non-gang transfer requests
3. Prison Gangs undermine order and control
4. Can control street gang
5. Theories of Gangs
   1. Imporation Theory

      Annotations:

      • street gang import into prison and 're-group' Homecoming
   2. Indigenous Theory

      Annotations:

      • 5 stage model   Gangs devel as resutl from system   Stage 1> prisoner  must learn how to deal with every day 'violent threat' cope by process of prisonization adopts prisoner code of conduct   Stage 2> prioner mixes with similar prioners, race, religion, origin of previous incarceration   Stage 3> groups become more self-proactive> recognised by others> no clear membership, no criminal activity   Stage 4 > group becomes predator; recognises power; rules may be devised; weak members expelled; begins criminal activity   Stage 5> grou strengthen becomes organised; evolves into prison gangs
6. "Why gang membership may appeal?"
   1. Deprivation of imprisonment imposses : liberty goods and service; autonomy; personal security; personers fear intimidation and assualt above all aspects of prison life
7. "Characterstics of Gangs"

   Annotations:

   • Relcuntate to accept prison mandate or any non-criminal activity   Severe Longer sentences and have more convictions Younger than their non gang counterparts
8. Most Common activities

   Annotations:

   • drugs, formation of race, transfer requests, groups assaulting other prisoners, grouped formed alone regional lines, counterbrand phone cards, verbal domination by groups, groups making threats to staff, physcial domination;
   1. Psychological Factors

      Annotations:

      • prisonization > general culture of penltentiary faciliated by association with prisoners who posses leadership qualities and are intergrated into prison subculture prisonized prisoners are reluctant to become involved with legimate activies in prison
      1. 2nd Psychological Factor : Social Support

         Annotations:

         • actual instrumental and/or expressive provision supported by the community, social network, and confiding partners Tholts (1995) percieved as emotional social support buffers angainst the stresstions > give of social support all conductive to psychological well-being Important predictors> Younger more involved; males more involved; more seved years; more involved; prisonzied attitude; dissatification with social support to others> in prison more support to others; more involved