PHARMACOKINETICS

PHARMACOKINETICS

1. Absorption

   • Mechanisms
     • Passive Diffusion
     • Active Transport
     • Endocytosis
     • Exocytosis
   • Factors
     • Drug Properties
       • Size
       • Hydrophilicity
       • Hydrophobicity
       • pKa of DRUG
       • Chemical Stability of Drug
     • Routes of Administration
       • IV
       • IM
       • SC
       • Oral
       • Intradermal
       • Topical
     • Dosage Form
       • Surface Area
         • Blood Flow to SIte of Administration
           • Drug-Drug Interaction
             • Disease Status

2. Routes of Drug Administration

   • Enteral
     • Oral
     • Sublingual
   • Parental
     • Intravenous (IV)
     • Intramuscular (IM)
     • Subcutaneous (SC)
   • Others
     • Inhalation
     • Intranasal
     • Rectal
     • Transdermal
     • Topical

3. Drug Dosage Form

   • Oral
     • Solid
       • Capsules
       • Powders
       • Sugar-coated tablets
     • Liquid
       • Syrup
       • Suspension
       • Solution
       • Emulsion
   • Sublingual
     • Chewing Gum
     • Lozenges
     • Spray
   • Injectables
     • Solution
     • Oil
     • Powder
   • Inhalational
     • Aerosol
     • Gases
   • Topical
     • Cream
     • Ointment

4. Distribution

   • Main Compartments
     • Plasma
     • Interstitium
     • Cells and Tissues
   • Factors Affecting Plasma Drug Concentrations
     • Route of Drug Administration
       • Mechanism of ADME
         • pH & Ionization Status of Drug
           • Absorptive Surface Area
             • Blood Supply to Area of Drug Administration
               • Solubility of Drug
                 • Dosage Form
                   • Time of Sampling
                     • Drug-Drug Interaction
   • Factors Affecting Movement from Plasma to Interstitum
     • Drug Properties
       • Blood Flow
         • Capillary Permeability
           • Binding of Drugs to Proteins

5. Drug Biotransformation

   • Phase I
     • Unmasking Polar Functional Group
   • Phase II
     • High Polar Conjugate Formed to be Eliminated by Kidney
   • Factors
     • Genetic Differences
     • Age
     • Liver Diseases
     • CYP Enzyme Induction & Inhibition

6. Excretion

   • Routes
     • Lung
     • Saliva
     • Milk
     • Fecal
     • Sweat
     • Renal
       • Factors
         • Urine pH
         • Urine Flow Rate
         • Plasma Protein Binding
         • Competition for Active Tubular Secretion
         • State of Renal Function
     • Tears

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