Energy Issues

Annotations:

• Sustainable Development: Controlling energy resources so future generations still have a source of energy resources
• Energy Security: Access to reliable and affordable sources of energy

Attachments:

• Oil Exam Qu

1. Types Of Energy

   Annotations:

   • Non-Renewables: Oil, Coal, Natural Gas and Nuclear
   • Renewables: Solar, Hydroelectric, Geothermal, Wave & Tidal, Wind and Biomass
   • Energy Resource: Any part of the environment that could be used for energy production
   • Energy Reserve: Proportion of the resource which could be exploited under existing economic conditions w/ availible tech.
   1. Primary Energy
      1. Raw sources of energy in their natural state. Can be altered to produce secondary energy
      2. E.g. Wood, coal
   2. Energy Reserves
      1. Recoverable: Reserves that are known to exist . Amount likely to be extracted for commercial use
      2. Speculative: Deposits which may exist, where no exploration is taking place.
   3. Renewables
      1. Critical: Only renewable if the source is properly managed, e.g. wood
      2. Non-Critical: Source of energy unaffected by use, e.g. Solar
   4. Secondary Energy
      1. Manufactured sources of energy usually made from primary sources
      2. E.g. Biogas, solar power
2. Global Patterns of Energy Supply, Consumption and Trade

   Annotations:

   • Energy Gap: Difference between energy supply and demand
   • Energy Poverty: Having less energy than is required to meet demand
   1. General Patterns
      1. Production
         1. Norway is the highest producer
         2. HICs produce more
         3. Middle East produce lots: many resources
         4. Issues: Insecurity for countries which produce less than they consume
         5. Reasons
            1. Supply of oil/gas/etc. is scattered
            2. LICs cannot afford to develop resources
      2. Consumption
         1. Canada, Norway, Iceland & Qatar highest consumers
            1. Cold winters (excl. Qatar)
            2. High producers, can afford to consume energy
         2. North of Tropic of Cancer
         3. More developed
   2. Oil
      1. Supply
         1. Most reserves in M.East
            1. Saudi Arabia 25% world's proved resourced
            2. Also biggest producer (1/3 world's total
         2. Russia, UK & N.AMerica
            1. N.Sea & Canada expensive extraction
         3. Limited in Africa
            1. Except Nigeria, Libya, Angola
         4. 40yrs proven reserves
      2. Trade
         1. Piped or shipped
      3. Consumption
         1. Asia Pacific demand doubled '82-'06
         2. N. America 20 barrels/day
         3. Africa,M.East&S.America lowest consumers
         4. Eurasia demand decreased
         5. USA imports lots
         6. Russia exports lots
   3. Gas
      1. Supply
         1. US & Russia (38%) important
         2. Middle East has most reserves (35%)
      2. Consumption
         1. No obvious dominator of imports
         2. Japan imports from many places
      3. Trade
         1. Cooled into liquid for transport
         2. Can be piped
         3. No main exporter
   4. Coal
      1. Trade
         1. Aus, S. Africa & Indonesia growing in importance
      2. Consumption
         1. 92% energy produced Poland & S. Africa
         2. 78% e.p China
         3. 50% e.p USA
         4. 40% worldwide
      3. Supply
         1. US, Aus, S. Africa, Russia, China, India & C. Eu
         2. Decline in W. Eu
            1. More expensive to produce
            2. Cheaper imports
   5. Uranium
      1. Supply
         1. Only 35 countries
         2. 46% US, Canada &Aus
      2. Consumption
         1. France, Sweden & Finland 10-23 mBTUs/capita
         2. Mainly MEDCs
            1. USA, Canada & W. Europe
         3. Little use S. of Tropic of Cancer
   6. Energy Poverty
      1. 25% have no access to electricity
         1. 80% rural
      2. 2.4b rely on trad. biomass
   7. Business as usual

      Annotations:

      • How world's energy mix would look if current trends continued.
      • Demand for fossil fuels and related carbon emissions would grow by 83%
3. Energy Conservation
   1. Sustainable Communities - BedZED
      1. Energy Efficiency
         1. Face south - solar gain
         2. Triple glazed
         3. High thermal insulation
      2. Water Efficiency
         1. Rainwater collected and re-used
      3. Renewable/recycled materials within 56km
      4. Waste collection promotes recycling
      5. Works with City Car Club
      6. Success?

         Annotations:

         • Compared to UK averages
         1. Space-heating 88% less
         2. Hot water 57% less
         3. Electricity
            1. 25% less
            2. 11% from solar panels
         4. Mains-water 50% less

            Annotations:

            • 67% compared to power shower households
         5. Car-mileage 65% less
   2. Ecotowns
      1. Built on brownfield sites
      2. Weston Otmoor

         Annotations:

         • Oxfordshire, 3 miles S. of Bicester

         Attachments:

         • Eco-town Case Study
         1. 10-15,000 new homes
            1. 30-50% low cost
      3. Features
         1. Waste taken to digester
         2. Free buses to town centre
         3. Solar panels on most rooves
         4. U.ground vacum recycling
      4. Controversy
         1. Expensive
         2. Jobs needed
         3. Backdoor to build in rural places
            1. Greenfield sites
            2. Green Belt land
         4. Can be 'soulless suburbia'
            1. Dormitory settlements
            2. Need links to nearby towns
   3. Workplaces
      1. Man.U.
         1. '04 bill £400,000

            Annotations:

            • 15,000 tonnes of carbon
         2. Installed sub-meters in N&S stands
         3. Wardens check equipment is off
         4. Employee awareness
         5. Sep'06 saved 265 tonnes carbon

            Annotations:

            • 18% reduction
         6. Recycle rain water
         7. Waste recycled, used in energy production
         8. Nature reserve w/ lagoon to clean water
      2. M&S
         1. Signed gov. initiatives for energy efficiency
         2. Stores
            1. Remote 1/2hour energy monitor
            2. 28% more efficient
            3. Up to date refridgeration
         3. 30% less emissions
         4. Off-set projects

            Annotations:

            • Achieved carbon neutrality
   4. Transport
      1. Public Transport - Metrolink, Manchester
         1. Parallel to existing roads
         2. Effects
            1. Environmental
               1. 19.9m passengers
                  1. +less pollution from private cars
               2. Runs on electricity
                  1. +No emissions
            2. Public
               1. Reliable transport in centre of Manchester
      2. Congestion Charges -London
         1. Aim: to encourage greater public transport use
         2. Effects
            1. Environmental
               1. Traffic in CLCZ down 21%
               2. CO2 and NO down 12%
               3. 45% more cyclists
            2. Public
               1. -Unavoidable trips expensive
               2. +5% less RTA
               3. 60% less disruption
               4. Retail sales in the area increased
         3. £8/day charge to drive in CLCZ
      3. Low Emission Zone - Greater London
         1. High polluting vehicles pay a daily charge
         2. Aim:Encourage cleaner/ more efficient cars
         3. Effects
            1. Environmental
               1. Better air quality within the zone
            2. Public
               1. +Cleaner air
               2. -Costs if you have to drive through the area
      4. 'Greener' cars
         1. Aims
            1. Manufacturers get green credentials
            2. Reduce private car emissions
         2. +Fewer emissions from cars
         3. Effect on public
            1. VW Blue motion tax free
            2. Hybrids use less fuel, so are cheaper to run
   5. Homes
      1. Insulation

         Annotations:

         • Roofs, walls, doors, floors (carpets)
      2. Solar panels on roofs

         Annotations:

         • Electricity and hot water
      3. Windows
         1. Curtains/Blinds
         2. Double glazing
      4. Energy efficient boiler & appliances
      5. Rainwater collection

         Annotations:

         • Use on garden, for washing machine & toilets
4. Environmental Impacts of Energy Production
   1. Fuel-wood Gathering
      1. Use
         1. Sub-Saharan 76%
         2. Burma&Nepal 90-100%
         3. Higher use rurally
         4. India 740m
         5. Higher in areas w/ more wood
      2. Deforestation
         1. Loss of habitat
         2. Desertification
         3. Flooding
      3. Circle of Deprivation

         Attachments:

         • Circle of Deprivation
   2. Nuclear
      1. Waste Issues
         1. Long half life
            1. Stays radioactive
         2. No longterm storage plan
            1. Transport
            2. Risk of accident & terrorism
            3. Geologically suitable sites
            4. Effect on farms/water supply
         3. Long commission & decommission time
      2. Reduction in use

         Annotations:

         • +Only have to deal with legacy waste -More CO2 from fossil fuels +Lower risk of accidents -Not enough energy when fossil fuels run out
      3. Increase in use

         Annotations:

         • -More nuclear waste +Lower carbon emmisions as lower fossil fuell reliance
   3. Acid Deposition

      Annotations:

      • When acidic compounds created in the atmosphere fall to the earth as dry particles, gas, or when they combine with moisture to create acid rain, snow or fog.
      1. Causes
         1. SO2

            Annotations:

            • Sources: Electricity Production-70%, Transport-7%, Industry-8%, Other-15%
         2. NO

            Annotations:

            • Transport-53%, Electricity Production-30%, Industry-5%, Other-12%
         3. Ammonia

            Annotations:

            • Source: Livestock farming
      2. Effects
         1. Acidification of lakes

            Annotations:

            • Death of animals in lake - can't deal with the pH change
         2. Eutrophication

            Annotations:

            • Excess nitrogen, devoids lake of any plant life except algae
         3. Death of trees

            Annotations:

            • Acid fog strips leaves of nutrients -> in an area reliant on forestry industry would collapse
         4. Building erosion

            Annotations:

            • Either through iron corrosion or by dissolving molecules in stone
      3. In Europe
         1. Causers

            Annotations:

            • Spain, UK, Poland, Slovakia, Czech, Ukraine, Bulgaria and Hungary
         2. Areas at risk

            Annotations:

            • North Sea/East Coast UK, SW Poland, N Czech & Slovakia, Baltic States and Sweden
         3. Solutions
            1. Low-sulphur coal
            2. Scrubbers to remove SO2
               1. Catalytic converters in cars to remove nitrous oxides
            3. Washing coal before burning
            4. Switch to natural gas
            5. Using other sources of electricity
            6. Success?
               1. '80-'96 sulphur emissions down 75%
               2. Nitrogen oxide emissions down 20% since mid '80s
   4. Exhaustion of Fossil fuels

      Annotations:

      • Years Left (proven reserves): Coal - 142 yrs, Gas - 61 yrs, Oil - 54 yrs
      1. Concerns
         1. 80% energy from fossil fuels
         2. Global demand to double by 2050
         3. Demand should half
            1. Environmental & availiblity issues
            2. If accepted should only contribute 20%
         4. Will be at least 25% energy Gap
5. Energy Geopolitics
   1. Conflict - Russia/Ukraine

      Attachments:

      • Conflict - Russia/Ukraine(and Belarus)
   2. Co-operation: UK/Norway

      Attachments:

      • Co-operation UK/Norway
   3. OPEC

      Annotations:

      • Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
      1. Aim
         1. Secure, fair and stable prices for producers
         2. Efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum for consumers
      2. Increases countries influence
         1. Ensure they're not underpayed
      3. 12 Members: LICs & MICs
   4. TNCs

      Attachments:

      • BP Case Study
      1. At every stage
      2. Exploration

         Annotations:

         • Negotiations about countries possible reserves
      3. Extracting & Refining

         Annotations:

         • Build rigs, infrastructure & refineries Local employees -> low skills
      4. Transport

         Annotations:

         • Maintaining pipes, using tankers
      5. Sale

         Annotations:

         • Different countries, possibly distributors Distributing to petrol/power stations
      6. Alternative Feul

         Annotations:

         • Future proofing by investing in alternative sources of energy
6. Potential of Sustainable Energy
   1. Types
      1. Biomass

         Attachments:

         • Biomass
      2. Solar Power

         Attachments:

         • Solar Power
      3. Wave Energy

         Attachments:

         • Wave Energy
      4. Tidal Energy

         Attachments:

         • Tidal Energy
      5. WInd

         Attachments:

         • Wind Energy
   2. 13.3% world's primary energy supply

      Annotations:

      • 10.6% combustibles 2.2% HEP 0.416% Geothermal 0.039% Solar 0.051% Wind 0.0005% Tidal
   3. Appropriate Technology

      Annotations:

      • Technical expertise and equipment in use suit the economic  and technological levels in a country
7. Case Studies
   1. UK

      Attachments:

      • UK Case Study
   2. India

      Attachments:

      • India Case Study