PVD

PVD

1. Risk factors

   • Smoking
   • Diabetes
   • Obesity
   • Hypertension
   • Hyperlipidemia
   • Age
   • Family history
   • High homocysteine protein

2. Causes

   • Atherosclerosis
   • Blood vessel inflammation
   • Injury to limbs
   • Anomalies
   • Radiation exposure

3. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

4. Signs and symptoms

   • Intermittent claudication in calf
   • Changes in skin
   • Diminished pulse in lower limbs
   • Gangrene
   • Impotence
   • Non-healing wounds over pressure points
   • Numbness
   • Pain
   • Pallor when legs are elevated

5. Diagnosis of PVD

   • Medical history
   • Physical examination
     • Ankle brachial pressure index
   • Blood lipid profile
   • Doppler ultrasound flow studies
   • CT scan
   • Angiogram
   • MRI
   • Treadmill exercise test
   • Pulse volume recording waveform analysis

6. Complications

   • Amputation
   • Poor wound healing
   • Restricted mobility due to pain or discomfort
   • Severe pain
   • Stroke
   • Heart attack

7. Prognosis

   • Very poor long term prognosis
   • Increase 10 year mortality 15 times higher

8. Treatment

   • Antihyperlipidemic drug
   • ACE inhibitors
   • Diuretics
   • Beta blockers
   • Calcium channel blockers
   • Stenting

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