18154692
Description
Mind Map by Diana Soto Linares, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Diana Soto Linares
almost 5 years ago
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PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR
- SYNTAX
- GENERATIVE GRAMMAR
APPROACH
- Phrase
structure
grammar
- Immediate
constituent
analysis
- Diagramming
- Hierarchical
structure
- Linear order
of words on
the surface
- Does not deal with
deep structure
- Active vs
passive
sentences
- Structural ambiguity
- "visiting relatives
can be tiresome"
- "visiting relatives
can be tiresome"
- Valorative vs
corresponding
interrogation
- Active vs
passive
sentences
- Diagramming
- Deep structure
(D-structure)
- Abstract level in
which all
meaning resides
- Abstract level in
which all
meaning resides
- Rewrite rules
- Set of ordered
rules which are
applied stepwise
- A single symbol on
the left and one or
more on the right
- A → B + C
C → D
- Tree diagram
- A= Branching node
C= Non-branching
node
- B + C are daughters to A and
sisters to each other
- B + C are daughters to A and
sisters to each other
- CONSTITUENT
- B and C are constituend
because are dominated
by a single node (A)
- Proper subparts
of sentences
- Formed by phrases
- Words or sequences of
words with syntactic
significance
- Not all sequences of words work
as constituents, only entire
constituents are movable
- "Beautiful flowers"
- "I received beautiful
flowers for my bithday"
- "though beautiful,
flowers cause me to
sneeze"
- "I received beautiful
flowers for my bithday"
- "Beautiful flowers"
- Not all sequences of words work
as constituents, only entire
constituents are movable
- Words or sequences of
words with syntactic
significance
- Relationships
- One-way dependency
(modifier-head)
- The modifier can be
omitted but not the
head
- "Blue eyes"
- "Deep blue
eyes"
- "Blue eyes"
- The modifier can be
omitted but not the
head
- Mutual dependency
(governor-component)
- Neither sister can
be omitted
- Verb/object
- "run a race"
- "run a race"
- Verb/complement
- "be a fool"
- "be a fool"
- Preposition/complement
- "on the shore"
- "on the shore"
- Adjective/complement
- "dear to me"
- "dear to me"
- Subject/predicate
- "the weather is improving"
- "the weather is improving"
- Verb/object
- Neither sister can
be omitted
- One-way dependency
(modifier-head)
- B and C are constituend
because are dominated
by a single node (A)
- DOMINATION
- A dominates
B and C but
not D
- A dominates
B and C but
not D
- IMMEDIATE
DOMINATION
- A dominates
B, C and D
- A dominates
B, C and D
- A= Branching node
C= Non-branching
node
- Formed
by nodes
- Notational
variant
- a[b[D]C]
- a[b[D]C]
- "A is rewritten as B
followed by C"
- Choices
- A → (B) C
Optionally B
Obligatory C
- A → ({B, C}) D
- A → ({B, C}) D
- A → {B, C}
Only one of
the options
- A → (B) C
Optionally B
Obligatory C
- Tree diagram
- A → B + C
C → D
- Set of ordered
rules which are
applied stepwise
- Immediate
constituent
analysis
- Transformational
grammar
- Surface estructure
(S-structure)
- Level in which elements can be
re-arranged, deleted or changed
without changing meaning
- ≠
- Level in which elements can be
re-arranged, deleted or changed
without changing meaning
- Chomsky
- Surface estructure
(S-structure)
- FORM OF SENTENCES
- Grammatical
- Meaningful
- ≠
- "Colorless green
ideas sleep
furiously"
- ≠
- Grammatical
- Constitutive rather
than regulatory rules
- CONSTITUTIVE:
grammatical
structure
- REGULATORY:
"good" forms
to use
- The rules are finite in number
but must produce any
possible sentence in English
- PHRASE
STRUCTURE
- Categories
- NOUN PHRASE
- Adjective
(AP)
(before
noun)
- Degree words
- Quality
- Intensity
- Degree
adverbs
- Quality
- "The very
fiercely
barking dog"
- Degree words
- Adverb phrase
(AdvP)
- Modifier of
adjectives
- Modifier of
adjectives
- Preposition
(PP)
(after
noun)
- Contains a
preposition
modifier of the
noun
- Prepositional
specifiers
(Pspec)
- Right, straight, slap
- "right after lunch"
- "straight along
this road"
- "right after lunch"
- Right, straight, slap
- Prepositional
specifiers
(Pspec)
- Contains a
preposition
modifier of the
noun
- Conjunction
- Conjoins two or
more constituents
- And, or, but...
- And, or, but...
- Conjoins two or
more constituents
- Noun
(obligatory)
- "The large dogs"
- "The large dogs"
- Determiner
- (Dem)onstrators
- This, that,
these, those
- This, that,
these, those
- (Q)uantifiers
- Some, any, every...
- Some, any, every...
- (Poss)esive
- My, your, her, their...
- My, your, her, their...
- (Art)icles
- A, an, the
- A, an, the
- (Wh)-
words
- Which, where, how,
when, who, what, why
- Which, where, how,
when, who, what, why
- (Dem)onstrators
- Adjective
(AP)
(before
noun)
- VERB PHRASE
- Verb group (Vgr)
- Lexical verb with or without a
particle (verb in base form)
- Lexical verb with or without a
particle (verb in base form)
- Verb complementation
(subcategorization)
- TRANSITIVE
- __NP
(direct
object)
- Hit, kill,
eat, break
- "Reynald broke
the vase"
- "Reynald broke
the vase"
- Hit, kill,
eat, break
- __NP
(direct
object)
- DITRANSITIVE
- __NP1
__NP2
- Give, send,
tell, lend, buy
offer, show
- "he sent Olga roses"
- "he sent Olga roses"
- Give, send,
tell, lend, buy
offer, show
- __NP1
__NP2
- DIPREPOSITIONAL
- __PP PP
- Confer, talk,
consult, argue
- "she argued with
him about money"
- "she argued with
him about money"
- Confer, talk,
consult, argue
- __PP PP
- PREPOSITIONAL
- __ PP
- Locative
- Stand, lie, lean,
hang, sit, flow
- "he agreed to the terms" "she
stood on the ladder"
- "he agreed to the terms" "she
stood on the ladder"
- Stand, lie, lean,
hang, sit, flow
- Non-locative
- Agree, work, defend, look,
refer, insist, respond
- Agree, work, defend, look,
refer, insist, respond
- Locative
- __ PP
- INTRANSITIVE
- __# (no complement is
required or allowed)
- Arrive, cry,
laugh, swim
- "the package
has arrived"
- "the package
has arrived"
- Arrive, cry,
laugh, swim
- __# (no complement is
required or allowed)
- COMPLEX TRANSITIVE
- __ NP {NP, AP. PP}
- Locative
- Hang, put, place
lay, set, touch,
shoot, pierce
- __NP NP "we consider him a fool"
__NP AP "she made him unhappy"
__NP PP "they regard that as the best
design"
- __NP NP "we consider him a fool"
__NP AP "she made him unhappy"
__NP PP "they regard that as the best
design"
- Hang, put, place
lay, set, touch,
shoot, pierce
- Non-locative
- Find, consider, make,
think, elect, call, hold,
regard, take, devote
- Find, consider, make,
think, elect, call, hold,
regard, take, devote
- Locative
- __ NP {NP, AP. PP}
- COPULATIVE
- __ {NP, AP, PP}
- Become, seem, appear,
feel. be, grow, look
- __NP "Priya is a scientist"
__AP "Priya seems tired"
__PP "Priya is in a good
mood"
- __NP "Priya is a scientist"
__AP "Priya seems tired"
__PP "Priya is in a good
mood"
- Become, seem, appear,
feel. be, grow, look
- __ {NP, AP, PP}
- __NP
__AP
__PP
- TRANSITIVE
- Verb group (Vgr)
- NOUN PHRASE
- Functions
- SUBJECT: Topic, actor,
thing that is being
talked about
- PREDICATE: comment,
action, that which is
said about the subject
- SUBJECT: Topic, actor,
thing that is being
talked about
- Categories
- PHRASE
STRUCTURE
- CONSTITUTIVE:
grammatical
structure
- Phrase
structure
grammar
- GENERATIVE GRAMMAR
APPROACH
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