Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)

Carried out a meta-analysis on studies of attachment in different countries
1. They used the Strange Situation Test
  1. This may not be the best tool to use as it has a Western cultural bias and assumes behaviour will have the same significance in all cultures
Findings
1. Secure attachment is the most common type of attachment in eight countries
2. The common insecure attachment in western countries was avoidant
  1. In non-western countries the common insecure attachment type was resistant
3. The lowest % of secure attachment was found in China
  1. The highest % of secure attachment was found in Great Britain
Conclusions
1. There may be universal characteristics that underpin attachment
  1. This may be the result of the mass media which spreads ideas about how to parent across the world
2. The variation in attachment within cultures was greater than the variation between cultures
  1. This means it is difficult to make accurate cross cultural comparisons
Grossman and Grossman (1991)
1. High proportion of avoidant children in Germany, as German parents seek independent, non-clingy infants
Fox (1977)
1. Studied infants raised in an Israeli Kibbutz by a foster mother. Infants appeared strongly attached to parent despite spending little time with them.

Resource summary

	Created by Rosy Harris about 9 years ago