The 3 Approaches to Argument

The 3 Approaches to Argument

1. The Classical Approach

   • Aristotle created this
   • 6. Conclusion
     • summary
     • can have pathos
   • 1. Intro
     • Hooks the reader
   • 2. State Your Case
     • Tell any key background information
   • 5. Proof
     • use evidence and examples.
     • The body. Logos, pathos,
       • and ethos is used
   • 3. Proposition
     • This is the thesis statement 
     • State which side you're on
     • State the points that will..
       • support your argument.
   • 4. Rebuttal
     • State opposing side
       • then say why yours is better
     • Point out weaknesses

2. The Toulmin Approach

   • Stephen Toulmin made this approach
   • 1. Claim
     • Your position on the case.
     • 3. Warrant
       • This connects the data and the claim.
       • Most of the time you have to infer the warrant
         • it isn't just given.
       • it shows that the data being used is relevant.
       • 4. Backing
         • This is extra support.
         • this answers other questions that could be brought up to falsify the claim.
       • GASCAP
         • 3. Sign
           • an idea that one thing is influenced by another, like falling dominoes.
         • 4. Casual
           • Cause and effect. An event (cause) is the result or influenced a certain factor.
         • 5. Authority
           • Is the certain n factor a reliable source. Is it an authoritative source and what interest does it have.
         • 2. Analogy
           • When there are similarities between two events and deductions are made based on the similarities
         • 6. Principle
           • Using a principle that the majority agrees on in which you can apply a situation to.
         • 1. Generalization
           • a picked sample is a good example and holds for a bigger population
   • 2. Data
     • The proof in the classical approach and the data in the Toulminapproach are very similar. They both use evidence and examples to support the case stated.
     • 3. Warrant
     • Supporting evidence
     • 5. Proof
       • The proof in the classical approach and the data in the Toulminapproach are very similar. They both use evidence and examples to support the case stated.
     • Includes the reasons for the claim
     • 5. Qualifier
       • This is how strong the data is to the warrant.
       • if the data only applies to some people then it's a weak qualifier.
   • 6. Rebuttal
     • this is falsifying the opposing side
     • 4. Rebuttal

3. The Rogerian Approach

   • Carl Rogers made the Rogerian approach
   • 1. An Intro
     • Define the issue
   • 2. A Neutral Summary of Opposing Belief
     • You know and understand the opposing side's point of view.
   • 3. Neutral Statement and explanation of your Belief
     • State your position and the circumstance which it applies.
   • 5. Proposal
     • A resolve to the issue that has the interest of both positions. Or a position that would benefit the other.
   • 4. Analysis
     • What do the two positions have in common and what goals and values do they share.