Mind map
PLANTS
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PLANTS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- Carbon dioxide + Water -> Oxygen + Glucose
- 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
- Chlorophyll needed to capture sunlight (a source of energy
LEAF
- Cross section of a leaf
- Cuticle
- Waterproof layer that also cuts down the water lost by evaporatioin
- Upper Epidermis
- Single layer of cells with no chloroplasts - so light goes straight through
- Protective function
- Palisade Mesophyll
- Contains lots of chloroplasts for maximum photosynthesis
- Most photosynthesis occurs here
- Regularly arranged
- Spongey Mesophyll
- Cells with lots of air spaces around them
- Allows fast diffusion
- Lower epidermis
- No waxy cuticles
- Contains stomata
- Allows gases to diffuse in and out of cells
- Guard cells control the opening and closing
- Vascular Bundle
- Xylem vessels that bring water and salts to the leaf and phloem tubes that take dissolved food away
- Cuticle
- Features
- Large surface area
- Maximum absorption of light rays
- Thin shape
- Allows faster diffusion of gases
- Chloroplasts
- Photosynthesis
- Veins
- support the leaf surface
- Carry water and mineral ions to leaf cells
- Take dissolved salts away
- Large surface area
- Cross section of a leaf
LIMITING FACTORS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- Light Intensity
- Start: Light is a limiting factor
- Levels off: Other limiting factors kick in, but light is still a limiting factor
- Flat: Light is no longer a limiting factor
- Carbon Dioxide Concentration
- Start: Carbon dioxide is a limiting factor
- Levels off: Other limiting factors kick in, but carbon dioxide is still a limiting factor
- Flat: Carbon dioxide is no longer a limiting factor
- Temperature
- Peak: Optimum temperature
- Past this point, enzymes needed for photosynthesis denature
- Peak: Optimum temperature
- Light Intensity
PLANT TRANSPORT
- Xylem
- Made of dead cells
- No cytoplasm to allow rapid flow of water
- Cell wall made of lignin - structural rigidity & impermeability
- Flow is upward only (from roots to leaves)
- Cross walls absent to allow rapid flow of water
- Impermeable cell walls to allow capillary action
- Transports water and minerals to the leaves
- Thick cell wall - impermeability & structural rigidity
- Tissue contains fibres - impermeability & structural rigidity
- Phloem
- Has perforated cross walls to allow quicker flow of sugary solutions
- Cells lined with cytoplasm strands - because they are living cells
- Flow is up and down - sugar moves everywhere
- Thin cell wall - to allow faster sugar diffusion
- Permeable cell wall - to allow faster sugar diffusion
- Made of living cells - active transport needed
- Transports sugar/food to growing parts and storage organs
- Tissue also has companion cells - packed with mitrochondria - provides energy for active transport
- Cell wall made of cellulose - normal living cell that allows diffusion
- Xylem
TROPISM
- Plant response to stimulus
- Auxin
- Produced at the tips of shoots and roots
- Shoots - High concentrations promote growth
- Roots - High concentration inhibit growth
- Plant growth hormone
- Produced at the tips of shoots and roots
- Auxin
- Phototropism: Response to light
- Stem tip: positive phototropism
- Auxin accumulates in the shaded region - the region elongates - shoot bends toward light
- Root tip: negative phototropism
- Auxin accumulates in the shaded region - the growth in that region is inhibited - the root bends away from light
- Stem tip: positive phototropism
- Geotropism: Response to gravity
- Stem tip: negative geotropism
- Auxin accumulates on the lower side - cells along that region elongates - shoot bends away from the ground
- Root tip: positive geotropism
- Auxin accumulates on the lower side - cells along that region is inhibited - root bends towards the ground
- Stem tip: negative geotropism
- Plant response to stimulus
PLANT REPRODUCTION
- Organs
- Male (stamen)
- Anther: Produces pollen grains that contains the male gamete
- Filament: Holds the anther up so that pollen can be rubbed onto visiting insects
- Female (carpel)
- Stigma: Part of the female reproductive system where the pollen lands
- Style: Holds up the stigma and is the path which the pollen grow a tube to carry the male gamete to the ovule
- Ovary: Contains the ovules
- Others
- Nectary: A plant gland that secretes nectar
- Sepals: Used to protect the flower when in bud
- Petals: Attract insects to flower - some may have guide marks that act as landing strips for insects
- Male (stamen)
- Pollination
- Insect-pollinated
- Brightly coloured petals
- Nectaries and scent present
- Sticky stigma in order to collect pollen
- Anthers positioned to rub pollen onto insects
- Pollen produced in small quantities and is sticky and spiky
- Wind-pollinated
- Small and green petals
- Nectary and scent absent
- Stigma feathery to catch pollen
- Anthers exposed to the wind so that pollen could be blown away
- Large quantities of smooth, light pollen produced
- Insect-pollinated
- Seeds
- Fertilisation
- Pollen lands on the tigma - develops a pollen tube - reaches the ovary - fertilisation
- Seed dispersal
- Mechanical
- Lupin: Dries unevenly and splits open with force, shooting the seeds outwards
- Animal
- Blackberry: Eaten by animals and then expelled
- Burdock: Has hooks that could stick to animal fur or skin
- Wind
- Sycamore: Small and light seeds that has wings
- Water
- Coconut: Waterproof and buoyant
- Mechanical
- Seed germination
- Seeds form - dehydrates - becoms dormant
- Water enters a dormant seed - enzymes essetial for life processes become active - seed splits
- Seed loses weight as it uses up starch stored
- Cotyledons develop - seedling can now photosynthesise
- Weight increases as the seedling photosynthesises and the plant grows
- Fertilisation
- Organs
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- Mind Map on PLANTS, created by June Song on 11/03/2015.
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- June Song
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