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POWER As
- Types of Power
- Political Power - power
held by those with the
backing of the law
- Personal Power - power held
by individuals as a result of
their roles in organisations.
- Social Group Power -
power held as a result of
being a member of a
dominant social group.
- Instrumental Power - power
used to maintain and enforce
authority
- Influential Power - power
used to influence or
persuade others.
- Political Power - power
held by those with the
backing of the law
- Theorists
- Fairclough
2001
- Power and Discourse - distinguishes
bewteen power in and behind discourse.
These distinctions provide different but
complementary ways of approaching data.
- Power in Discourse - the ways
in which power is manifested
in situation through language.
- Power behind Discourse -
the focus on the social and
ideological reasons behind
the enactment of power.
- Power in Discourse - the ways
in which power is manifested
in situation through language.
- Synthetic Personalisation -
the way in which advertising
and other forms of
communication use
personalised language such as
the second-person pronoun
'you' to construct a
relationship between text
producer and receiver.
- Power and Discourse - distinguishes
bewteen power in and behind discourse.
These distinctions provide different but
complementary ways of approaching data.
- Waring -
Accommadation Theory
- Goffman - further
expanded by Brown
and Levinson.
- Face-Threatening Acts - a
communicative act that
threatens someone's positive or
negative face needs.
- Face - a person's
self-esteems or
emotional needs.
- Positive Face - the
need to feel wanted,
like and appreciated.
- Negative Face - the need to
have freedom or though and
action and not feel imposed.
- Face - a person's
self-esteems or
emotional needs.
- Face-Threatening Acts - a
communicative act that
threatens someone's positive or
negative face needs.
- Fairclough
2001
- Ideology - a set of belief
systems, attitudes or a world
view held by an individual or
group.
- Modal Auxiliary Verbs
- Epistemic Modality -
constructions that express
degrees of possibility,
probability or certainity. E.G
'shall' and 'will'.
- Deontic Modality -
constructions that
express degrees of
necessity and obligation.
E.G 'may' and 'must'.
- Epistemic Modality -
constructions that express
degrees of possibility,
probability or certainity. E.G
'shall' and 'will'.
- Power and Participants
- Power Asymmetry - a
marked difference in
the power status of
individuals involved in
discourse.
- Unequal Encounter - an
alternative term of
asymmetrical
highlighting the power
that one speaker has
over another.
- Powerful Participant - a speaker
with a higher status in a given
context, who is therefore able to
impose a degree of power.
- Less Powerful Participant -
those with less status in given
context, who are subject to
constraints imposed by more
powerful particpants
- Constraints - ways in
which power may
block or control the
contributions of less
powerful
participants. E.G
interrupting.
- Formulation - the
rewording of another's
contribution by a
powerful participant to
impose a certain meaning
or understanding.
- Power Asymmetry - a
marked difference in
the power status of
individuals involved in
discourse.
- Positive and Negative Politeness
Strategies - redressive strategies that a
speaker might use to mitigate or avoid a
face threatening act.
- Small Talk - talk that is
primarily interactional in
orientation and is geared
towards establishing
relationships.
- Regressive Discourse Strategy - a
more direct way of exercising
power and control through
conversatation constraints.
- Oppressive Discourse
Strategy - linguistic
behaviour that is open
in its exercising of
power and control.
- Regressive Discourse Strategy - a
more direct way of exercising
power and control through
conversatation constraints.
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