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Mind Map by laura.holyoake, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Lilia
about 9 years ago
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Copied by laura.holyoake
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Evolutionary Explanations of Aggressive
Behaviour
- Evolutionary psychologists try to explain aggressive behaviour in terms of adaptive
strategies that would have helped our ancestors in the EEA to survive and,
ultimately, reproduce. It has been suggested that aggression has evolved as the
result of sexual competition. Females invest heavily in parenting, and want a male
who is strong and can provide for them - males want to pass on their genes, so
compete with each other to get the females. By this logic, the most aggressive male
will fight off any competition and pass on his genes, including the trait of aggression
- explaining why it exists in today's society
- Kenrick states that men have to compete with other
men in order to gain access to women. The dominant
image for a man nowadays is a 'provider of valuable
resources' e.g. have a good job etc. In order to become a
'provider of valuable resources' a man must be assertive
and aggressive to make sure he is seen as 'the boss'
- Buss reminds us that it would be foolish to assume that aggressive behaviour is just male vs. male. In women
physical violence is limited, in part because of physiological differences and strength, however verbal
aggression is more common. Female vs. female verbal aggression is often aimed at reducing the attractiveness
of the competition in the eyes of males (e.g. 'slut' indicates sexual promiscuity and infidelity, qualities males
don't want in a mate) to ensure they don't lose resources for their offspring. Therefore this strategy would have
evolutionary advantages for the name-called and offspring and this trait would be passed on
- Kenrick states that men have to compete with other
men in order to gain access to women. The dominant
image for a man nowadays is a 'provider of valuable
resources' e.g. have a good job etc. In order to become a
'provider of valuable resources' a man must be assertive
and aggressive to make sure he is seen as 'the boss'
- Jealousy
- Daly and Wilson claim that men have evolved several different strategies to
deter their female partners from committing adultery (mate retention), and
therefore eliminating the threat of parental uncertainty. These range from
vigilance to violence but are all fueled by male sexual jealousy - an adaptation
that evolved specifically to deal with the threat of parental uncertainty
- Supported by Buss who suggests males
strategies include restricting their mate's autonomy
- 'direct guarding' (e.g. checking their texts) - and
'negative inducements' in the form of threats of
violence/violence to prevent her from leaving
- Supported by Dobash and Dobash
who found the majority of abused
women cite 'extreme jealousy' on the
part of their partner as the key cause
of the violence directed towards them
- Unfalsifiable - can't
be certain of the
motives for the abuse
- Unfalsifiable - can't
be certain of the
motives for the abuse
- Supported by Dobash and Dobash
who found the majority of abused
women cite 'extreme jealousy' on the
part of their partner as the key cause
of the violence directed towards them
- Buss and Shackelford found that men who
suspected that their partner might be unfaithful
to them within the next year were more violent
when known or suspected infidelity was
faced, compared to men who did not expect
unfaithfulness. This supports the claim that
mate-retention strategies are evoked only
when a partuicular adaptive problem is faced
- Gender Biased - women
can be abusive too
- Gives men an 'excuse' to
abuse as it claims it is naturally
part of their behaviours
- Gender Biased - women
can be abusive too
- Takahashi found that neural response to imagines scenes
depicting sexual and emotional infidelity was different for men
and women. Using brain scans it was found that man showed
much greater activation in the amygdala and hypothalamus (areas
associated with aggression) when imagining sexual infidelity
- Direct, objective
measure - more reliable
- Direct, objective
measure - more reliable
- Supported by Buss who suggests males
strategies include restricting their mate's autonomy
- 'direct guarding' (e.g. checking their texts) - and
'negative inducements' in the form of threats of
violence/violence to prevent her from leaving
- Daly and Wilson claim that men have evolved several different strategies to
deter their female partners from committing adultery (mate retention), and
therefore eliminating the threat of parental uncertainty. These range from
vigilance to violence but are all fueled by male sexual jealousy - an adaptation
that evolved specifically to deal with the threat of parental uncertainty
- Infidelity
- Research suggests that the detection or suspicion of
infidelity is a key predictor of partner violence. The act
of infidelity leads to parental uncertainty and a potential
loss or 'waste' of resources. Buss argued that this would
naturally lead to the showing of behaviours that would
reduce or eliminate this threat e.g. sexual coercion (to
impregnate with own offspring) or violent towards
pregnant partners (to terminate rival's offspring)
- Camilleri and Quinsey found that men
convicted of raping their partners were more
likely to have experienced cuckoldry risks
prior to the event, compared to men
convicted of non-sexual partner abuse
- This is supported by Tuille and Brownridge
who found that women abused while
pregnant were more likely to be carrying
the child of another man - supporting the
link between infidelity and aggression
- Only Correlational - no cause and effect established
- Only Correlational - no cause and effect established
- This is supported by Tuille and Brownridge
who found that women abused while
pregnant were more likely to be carrying
the child of another man - supporting the
link between infidelity and aggression
- Valladares found that in
Nicaragua 50% of pregnant
women abused by their
husbands had blows directed at
their abdomen to increase
chances of aborting the foetus.
This supports the view that the
aggression caused by infidelity
is generally to deal with the
threat of parental uncertainty
- Culture Bias - not
generalisable
- Culture Bias - not
generalisable
- Camilleri and Quinsey found that men
convicted of raping their partners were more
likely to have experienced cuckoldry risks
prior to the event, compared to men
convicted of non-sexual partner abuse
- Research suggests that the detection or suspicion of
infidelity is a key predictor of partner violence. The act
of infidelity leads to parental uncertainty and a potential
loss or 'waste' of resources. Buss argued that this would
naturally lead to the showing of behaviours that would
reduce or eliminate this threat e.g. sexual coercion (to
impregnate with own offspring) or violent towards
pregnant partners (to terminate rival's offspring)
- Group Displays
- Warfare
- War in this sense refers to the formation of a coalition to attack
others within the same species. This may seem contradictory
when suggesting that war would have aided the survival of our
ancestors, but it indicates that from an evolutionary perspective,
the benefits outweighed the costs. The benefits of warfare
would be land, territory and resources - including women, which
would lead to direct reproductive success. The men who are
most aggressive in war have the highest chance of surviving
and, consequently, passing on their genes
- Chagnon: studied the Yanomami tribe in
the Amazon. Fighting was common
between different villages in the tribe for
access to women or to improve status.
Success in battle can give a warrior
status and thus increase his
attractiveness to females and improve
his chances of passing on his genes.
Chagnon reported that young men who
had killed were married; most young men
who had never killed were not
- Supported by Deville and Harris who
recorded men who did well in battle being
'rewarded' with access to women
- Supported by Deville and Harris who
recorded men who did well in battle being
'rewarded' with access to women
- Pinker: 'even in modern day warfare
men fight to gain access to women' .
During WW2 men systematically raped
and abused women in concentration
camps and across Eastern Europe
- Chagnon: studied the Yanomami tribe in
the Amazon. Fighting was common
between different villages in the tribe for
access to women or to improve status.
Success in battle can give a warrior
status and thus increase his
attractiveness to females and improve
his chances of passing on his genes.
Chagnon reported that young men who
had killed were married; most young men
who had never killed were not
- War in this sense refers to the formation of a coalition to attack
others within the same species. This may seem contradictory
when suggesting that war would have aided the survival of our
ancestors, but it indicates that from an evolutionary perspective,
the benefits outweighed the costs. The benefits of warfare
would be land, territory and resources - including women, which
would lead to direct reproductive success. The men who are
most aggressive in war have the highest chance of surviving
and, consequently, passing on their genes
- Sport
- Wilson reported that xenophobia
(fear of strangeness) has been
documented in virtually every
animal species displaying higher
forms of social organisation
- Shaw and Wong: 'mechanisms that
prompt suspicion towards strangers
would have been favoured by
natural selection" - they would have
enables out ancestors to avoid
attack, ensuring their survival and
the survival of their offspring
- Podaliri and Balestri reported xenophobic
tendencies in Italian matches, including
chants such as 'Bergamo is a nation, all
the rest is south'. This illustrates the fear
of 'south' as it is not part of their 'nation'
- Foldesi supports this through his study of
Hungarian football crowds. The racist conduct
of core extremist supporters led to an increase
of spectators' violence in general and
xenophobic outbursts in particular. Xenophobic
incidents were generally focused on gypsies,
Russians and Jews - minority races in Hungary
- RWA: 'Football Unites,
Racism Divides'
- RWA: 'Football Unites,
Racism Divides'
- Foldesi supports this through his study of
Hungarian football crowds. The racist conduct
of core extremist supporters led to an increase
of spectators' violence in general and
xenophobic outbursts in particular. Xenophobic
incidents were generally focused on gypsies,
Russians and Jews - minority races in Hungary
- Shaw and Wong: 'mechanisms that
prompt suspicion towards strangers
would have been favoured by
natural selection" - they would have
enables out ancestors to avoid
attack, ensuring their survival and
the survival of their offspring
- Wilson reported that xenophobia
(fear of strangeness) has been
documented in virtually every
animal species displaying higher
forms of social organisation
- Warfare
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